吉南集安群层序的新认识

作者认为，集安群的层序自下而上应是新开河组，清河组，大东岔组。新开河组原岩为碱质酸－基性双峰式火山岩和镁质碳酸盐岩建造。清河组原岩为火山岩和碳酸盐岩建造。大东岔组原岩为碎屑岩－粘土岩建造，浊流沉积十分典型。集安群主体呈狭长带状分布，厚度巨大，同沉积断裂活动明显，滑移裼皱和滑塌角砾岩分布普遍，柔性变形与浊积岩共生，显示了一个裂谷盆地的基本特征。     

北祁连山西段构造单元划分及演化

陶来运动使本区从华北古陆中解体出来，自成独立的构造体系。主裂谷阶段发生于中寒武世，奥陶纪形成沟弧盆体系。之后，早、晚泥盆世的碰撞造山作用使本区进入板内的浅海向陆相沉积盆地转化的阶段。中、新生代为陆内造山阶段。本区划分为３个Ⅲ级构造单元：河西走廊中、新生代断陷，北祁连早古生代弧盆系和北祁连元古代裂谷系；进而划分出１３个Ⅳ级构造单元。     

辽吉古裂谷中的双峰式火山岩及岩浆演化

辽吉古裂谷中发育双峰式火山岩。这些火山岩以酸性火山岩为主，间夹基性火山岩。它们都属碱性火山岩系列，与都城秋穗在碱性岩成因类型的讨论中划分出的三种成因类型对比，明显类似于跨越型，并与我国康滇古裂谷带碱性大山岩相近，初步认为形成辽吉古裂谷中双峰式火山岩的岩浆可能是上地慢派生岩浆在上升侵位过程中，受陆壳物质混染而成的壳慢混合岩浆。     

Modeling the ML4.7 mainshock of the February–July 2001 earthquake sequence in Aegion, Greece

An earthquake sequence comprising almost 2000 events occurred in February–July 2001 on the southern coast of the Corinth Gulf.Several location methods were applied to 171 events recorded by the regional network PATNET. The unavailability of S-wave readings precluded from reliable depth determination. For the mainshock of April 8, M_L= 4.7, the depth varied from 0 to 20 km. The amplitude spectra of complete waveforms at three local stations (KER,SER, DES; epicentral distances 17, 26 and 56 km) were inverted between 0.1 and 0.2 Hz for double-couple focal mechanism and also for the depth. The optimum solution (strike 220°, dip 40°, rake ‒160°, and depth of 8 km) was validated by forward waveform modeling.Additionally, the mainshock depth was further supported by the P- and S-wave arrival times from the local short-period network CRLNET (Corinth Rift Laboratory).The scalar seismic moment was 2.5e15 Nm,and the moment rate function was successfully simulated by a triangle of the 0.5 second duration. This is equivalent to a 1–1.5 km fault length, and a static stress drop 2–6 MPa. This value is important for future strong ground motion simulation of damaging earthquakes in Aegion region, whose subevents may be modeled according to the studied event. The T axis of the mainshock (azimuth 176° and plunge 67°), is consistent with the regional direction of extension N10°. However, none of the nodal planes can be associated to an active structure seen at the surface. The relationship of this earthquake sequence with deeper faults (e.g. possible detachment at about 10 km) is also unclear.     

Surface stresses associated with arrested dykes in rift zones

Many theoretical models predict that arrested dykes may generate major grabens at rift-zone surfaces. Arrested dyke tips in eroded rift zones, however, are normally not associated with major grabens or normal faults that could be generated by dyke-induced stresses ahead of the tips, and normal faults and grabens tend to be less common in those parts of eroded rift zones where dykes are comparatively abundant. Similarly, there are feeder dykes, as well as dykes arrested a few metres below the surface, that do not generate faults or grabens at the surface. Here I propose that this discrepancy between theoretical models and field observations may be explained by the mechanical layering of the crust. Numerical models presented here show that abrupt changes in Young's moduli, layers with high dyke-normal compressive stresses (stress barriers), and weak, horizontal contacts have large effects on the dyke-induced stress fields. For the models considered, the surface tensile stresses induced by arrested dykes are normally too small to lead to significant fault or graben formation at the rift-zone surface. The only significant dyke-induced surface tensile stresses (2 MPa) in these models are for a dyke tip arrested at 1 km depth below the surface of a rift zone with a weak contact at 400 m depth and subject to extension. That tensile stress, however, peaks above the ends of the weak horizontal contact, which, in the model considered, occur at distances of 4 km to either side of the dyke, and shows no simple relation to the depth to the dyke tip. Thus, for a layered crust with weak contacts, straightforward inversion of surface geodetic data to infer dyke geometries may result in unreliable results.Editorial responsibility: A. Woods     

Rift zone reorganization through flank instability in ocean island volcanoes: an example from Tenerife, Canary Islands

The relationship between rift zones and flank instability in ocean island volcanoes is often inferred but rarely documented. Our field data, aerial image analysis, and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar chronology from Anaga basaltic shield volcano on Tenerife, Canary Islands, support a rift zone—flank instability relationship. A single rift zone dominated the early stage of the Anaga edifice (~6–4.5 Ma). Destabilization of the northern sector led to partial seaward collapse at about ~4.5 Ma, resulting in a giant landslide. The remnant highly fractured northern flank is part of the destabilized sector. A curved rift zone developed within and around this unstable sector between 4.5 and 3.5 Ma. Induced by the dilatation of the curved rift, a further rift-arm developed to the south, generating a three-armed rift system. This evolutionary sequence is supported by elastic dislocation models that illustrate how a curved rift zone accelerates flank instability on one side of a rift, and facilitates dike intrusions on the opposite side. Our study demonstrates a feedback relationship between flank instability and intrusive development, a scenario probably common in ocean island volcanoes. We therefore propose that ocean island rift zones represent geologically unsteady structures that migrate and reorganize in response to volcano flank instability.Editorial responsibility: T. DruittThis revised version was published online in February 2005 with typographical corrections and a changed wording.     

The Cenozoic Lower Rhine Basin – rifting, sedimentation, and cyclic stratigraphy

In the Cenozoic, the Lower Rhine Basin formed as a rift at the southeastern terminus of the Dutch German Central Graben, while the Rhenish Massif was uplifted. The study focusses on the marginal marine and fluvial fill of the Lower Rhine Basin. A basin model is developed. Support for this study was given by extensive industry outcrop and well data, by new stratigraphical and sedimentological observations. The ingression and subsequent regression of the Cenozoic North Sea is analysed using the concept of base level cyclicity. As the geohistory of the basin was complex, a subsidence curve is constructed. Furthermore, an attempt is made to trace the simultaneous uplift of the Rhenish Massif.     

前陆背景下的两种正断裂现象及其相互作用模式

许多前陆盆地同时存在着下部的裂陷正断裂和上部的造山期的挠曲正断裂。作用在均质不分层和非均质分层板块中的挠曲正断裂具有不同的外观形态和形变的空间协调机制，前者断面陡直、贯穿深远；后者则呈坡坪式形态。裂陷正断裂和挠曲正断裂具有3种相互作用方式、差异甚殊的断裂总体形态和中性面分布位置不同的应力体制。Ⅰ类，挠曲正断裂局限在陆缘期或坳陷期层序中；Ⅱ类，裂陷期正断裂断至断陷期层序，且以裂陷正断裂为基础而存在，二者构成完整而独特的断裂组合；Ⅲ类，挠曲正断裂亦断穿至断陷期层序，但和裂陷正断裂并不存在直接关系。这三类关系对孔隙—裂缝网络体具有不同的影响，并和应力体制一道，对流体尤其是烃类的作用过程有差异很大的影响。地层在跨越同生正断裂和挠曲正断裂时所发生的厚度的变化，起因于二者在物源方向上的完全不同。     

Subsurface structure of the volcanic centre of the České Středohoří Mountains, North Bohemia, determined by geophysical surveys

Former geophysical surveys performed in the region of the volcanic centre of the České Stř edohoří Mts. in North Bohemia (the Ohře Rift zone) showed that anomalous volcanic bodies and features can be effectively identified within sedimentary environment. For this reason we carried out new geophysical measurements in the area of the main mafic intrusion of essexitic character. The target was the exact location and geometry of the intrusion and its relation to other components of the volcanic centre. We used gravity, magnetic, shallow seismic and electromagnetic techniques. The new gravity and magnetic data were tied to the old databases so that we could investigate the area as a whole complex. Electromagnetic measurements were applied in the area of the expected extent of the intrusion, and the seismic measurements in the central part of the intrusion. Based on all the data, mainly on gravity modelling, we delineated not only the surface and subsurface extent of the intrusion, but we also defined the hidden relief of the intrusion. It was found that the intrusion is formed by a single body that has a few protrusions, and not by a set of separate individual intrusions, as indicated by surface outcrops. However, the body of the intrusion is affected by a major fault that caused lithological differences on both sides (essexite/monzodiorite). In detail we show the depth of the debris cover and the thickness of the weathered zone in the central part of the essexite body. We also derived indications of tectonic elements in the area of the intrusion in the main structural/tectonic direction in the region. The results will be utilized to establish a 3D geological model of the whole volcanic centre. This investigation may serve as an example of non-seismic geophysical exploration applied to the study of volcanic centres surrounded by sedimentary rocks.     

攀西裂谷构造—岩浆活动及其成因探讨

本文主要讨论穹窿-火山型攀西裂谷的成因,岩浆深成作用与火山作用过程;穹窿构造的发生、发展的演化历史;岩浆分异趋势及双峰式岩浆演化系列及其成因。 攀西裂谷曾经历了岩石圈穹窿—陆壳穹窿一次火山穹窿三个发展演化阶段。碱性岩浆作用与地壳隆升、地幔去气、热流汇聚作用有着密切的成因联系,成穹作用最盛,岩浆碱度最高。随着陆壳破裂、开放、挥发分散逸,岩浆性质从强碱质—弱碱质—碱酸性转化。 穹窿构造的发展演化阶段有机地控制了岩浆源和二次岩浆房的深度和岩浆演化特点,随着穹窿构造的发展演化,岩浆活动由深成幔源→中浅成幔源加陆壳轻微混染→超浅成壳幔混合源逐渐演化,因而可以认为:穹窿-火山型裂谷发育的各个阶段,存在有低位→中位→高位的二次岩浆房。 攀西裂谷属不发育的夭折裂谷,以演化时间长为特点,有利于岩浆深源(二次岩浆房内)结晶分异、液体不混容性分离作用和陆壳的同化混染作用等得以彻底进行,最终形成“双峰式”岩浆组合。