The 2014 Northern Thailand Mw 6.1 Earthquake and its Seismogenic Tectonics

On May 5, 2014, an earthquake with a magnitude of Mw 6.1 (the largest earthquake in Thailand so far) occurred in Chiang Rai of the Golden Triangle area in northern Thailand. We had an opportunity to conduct field survey immediately after the earthquake. Serious damage to buildings and casualties of lives were observed, and the estimated Maximum Mercalli Intensity (MMI) of the earthquake is VIII (evaluated according to the MMI scale of the Chinese Standard). No long continuous ground ruptures were produced during the earthquake,??but in the epicenter (commonly within MMI VIII extent), massive small linear ruptures (usually several tens of meters long) developed and displayed intriguing structural features, offsetting many roads several centimeters left laterally on NE trending cracks or offsetting right laterally on NW trending ones. The focal mechanism solution of earthquake shows that this is a pure strike-slip event, and two nodal planes in NW and NE directions had the same motion senses respectively as those of breakage associated with the earthquake. The long axis of the isoseismals and aftershock distributions are in NE direction,which is consistent with the strike of Luang Namtha fault. The 230-km-long Luang Namtha fault which starts from the border of China and Laos, runs through northern Laos, and terminates at Chiang Rai of Thailand is predominated by left-lateral strike-slip and active in late Quaternary, and two earthquakes over Ms 6.0 occurred along the fault in 1925 and 2007 respectively. This Mw 6.1 earthquake occurred at the southwestern end of the fault. All related features such as evident structural rupturing, elongated orientation of MMI and aftershock distribution,as well as the location of the epicenter,suggest that the Luang Namtha fault may be responsible for the 2014 Northern Thailand earthquake.     

基于GPS速度场采用RELSM模型分析青藏块体东北缘的形变—应变特征

利用青藏块体东北缘地区1999～2001年GPS观测获得的地壳水平运动速率场,通过对该地区进行块体划分,将该地区划分为9个块体,应用块体的整体旋转线性应变模型(RELSM)估计了各个块体的旋转与应变参数,以及计算了该地区内143个GPS站点的应变参数,以此分析了该地区的应变场的基本特征,结果表明:①阿拉善块体s较稳定,其旋转角为0.630×10-8,运动速率为0.688 mm/a,②相比其他块体,共和块体旋转角最大达到了6.589×10-8 ,运动速率达到了7.296 mm/a,③应变高值区主要集中在祁连山断裂,海原断裂等,在这些地区最大剪应变率达到了7.5×10-8、面膨胀率达到了-2.5×10-8、主压应变达到了-6×10-8.     

Occurrence of Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the North Qilian Mountains, northwest China: Evidence of Cambrian arc magmatism on the Qilian Block

Field relationships, mineralogy and petrology, whole‐rock chemistry, and age of the Zhamashi mafic–ultramafic intrusion in the North Qilian Mountains, northwest China, have been studied in the present work. The Zhamashi intrusive body consists of ultramafic, gabbroic, and dioritic rocks in a crudely concentrically zoned structure. The ultramafic rocks are layered cumulates with rock types varying continuously from dunite through wehrlite and olivine clinopyroxenite to clinopyroxenite. The gabbroic and dioritic rocks are also layered or massive cumulates with rock types varying continuously from noritic gabbro through hornblende gabbro to diorite. The ultramafic and adjoining gabbroic rocks are discontinuous in lithology and discordant in structure across the interface. The interface is steep, sharp, and fractured. Contact metamorphic zones are well developed between the Zhamashi intrusive body and the country rock. The concentrically zoned structure of the intrusive body and the intrusion into the continental crust are the two main pieces of evidence for considering that the Zhamashi intrusion is Alaskan‐type. The mineral chemistry of the chromian spinels (Cr‐spinels) and clinopyroxenes, and the variation trend of the whole‐rock compositional plot in the (Na₂O + K₂O)–FeO–MgO (AFM) diagram are also supportive of this consideration. The age of the Zhamashi intrusive body, determined with sensitive high mass‐resolution ion microprobe on the zircon grains, is 513.0 ± 4.5 Ma. Parental magma of the Zhamashi intrusion is compositionally close to the primitive magma produced by partial melting of the mantle peridotite. It was differentiated by fractional crystallization at low total pressure and under H₂O‐rich conditions in an arc environment to form all the major rock types. The concentrically zoned structure of the Zhamashi intrusive body was constructed in two stages: formation of a stratiform‐type layered sequence, followed by diapiric re‐emplacement. The occurrence of the Alaskan‐type intrusion suggests an active continental margin and Cambrian arc magmatism for the northern margin of the Qilian Block.     

2009年新疆柯坪块体3次5级地震前异常分析

研究2009年柯坪块体3次5级地震前的地震活动和前兆观测结果表明:3次5级地震前,柯坪块体存在5级地震平静的长期异常,4级地震多次平静、增强交替活动的中期异常,小震集中活动的短期异常;地震发生的短临阶段,震中附近的阿合奇地震台地倾斜、乌什地震台水管倾斜仪及地磁、地电和巴楚地应力存在不同程度的短临异常。参考汶川地震,有关专家对地震预报和震前异常的新思考和新认识,结合3次5级地震的类型和错断方式,分析震前小震活动和前兆异常,并对震前地震活动和前兆异常进行了综合分析和探讨。     

拉萨盆地曲水-夺底剖面大地电磁测深研究

通过对拉萨盆地曲水-夺底大地电磁测深剖面的研究,揭示了拉萨盆地深部地质构造特征.上地壳广泛分布花岗岩体,莫霍面深度大约70 km.壳内发育一个高导层,其顶界面埋深呈现南深北浅特点,厚度大约20～30 km,桑达附近存在一条深大断裂.     

Paleoearthquake Studies along the Nalinlaka Fault of the Late Pleistocene in Lhasa,Tibet

As the most import fault of the Late Pleistocene in the Lhasa area,the Nalinlaka fault is a left-lateral thrust fault,striking NWW,dipping SSW with a high dip angle,and extending over 33km.According to studies on the latest strata on the Nalinlaka fault zone,this fault zone has been obviously active since the Late Pleistocene and the movement left behind some geomorphologic phenomena on the earth's surface,especially at the sites of the gully west of Cijiaolin and around Xiecun village.For example,some rivers,ridges and terraces are displaced,forming beheaded gullies and fault escarps.The horizontal displacements since the Late Pleistocene at the above two places are 54m ～ 87m,20m ～ 67m,respectively.Based on studies on the 4 trenches along the fault using the progressive constraining method,we conclude that there might have been 5 paleoearthquake events along the Nalinlaka fault since 70ka B.P.,the ages of each paleoearthquake are 68.53,54.40, 41.23,21.96,9.86ka B.P.,and the average recurrence interval is 14.67ka.Because of the limits of trenches and earthquake events exposed by each trench,no single trench completely revealed all 5 events.There may therefore be some errors in determining the upper and lower limits of some events in this article.     

扬子陆块西缘中元古代菜子园蛇绿混杂岩的厘定及其地质意义

对扬子陆块西缘会理关河—通安地区菜子园蛇绿混杂岩进行了厘定。菜子园蛇绿混杂岩主要以强烈剪切变形的基质和洋板构造岩块混杂堆积为特征。基质主要有变质粉砂岩、板岩、硅质板岩、片岩、千枚岩等。洋板构造岩块由蛇纹岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、硅质岩、大理岩等组成,部分地区玄武岩保留枕状构造,各岩块之间为构造接触关系。菜子园蛇绿混杂岩中桃树湾辉长岩和玄武岩具有轻稀土元素亏损、类似N-MORB(正常洋中脊玄武岩)的稀土元素配分模式,相对于N-MORB富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta高场强元素,极低的Nb/U(9.74)、Nb/Th(3.02)和V/Ti(0.1)平均值,具典型MORB-like玄武岩(前弧玄武岩-FAB)地球化学特征,认为可能形成于洋内弧环境。桃树湾辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年表明,辉长岩的年龄为1375±7Ma(MSWD=1.2,n=21),可能代表菜子园-通安洋洋壳初始俯冲的时间。菜子园蛇绿混杂岩的厘定,对重新认识通安群(通安组)的属性,研究扬子陆块西缘古—中元古代地层系统、地质演化、岩浆作用、构造定位,重新划分扬子陆块基底大地构造单元,以及探索全球Columbia超大陆裂解到Rodinia超大陆汇聚的演化过程等都具有重要意义。     

Late Palaeozoic tectonic setting of the southern Alxa Block,NW China: constrained by age and composition of diabase

The ages of diabase outcropping on the southern Alxa Block and in related tectonic setting are not well constrained, but are important for exploring the tectonic evolution of the southern Alxa Block. The ages of the zircons from the diabase intruding the Middle–Late Cambrian Xiangshan Group were measured using sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe II (SHRIMPII) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and the weighted mean ages of 276.8 ± 7.9 Ma and 276.2 ± 9.7 Ma were obtained, respectively. The major elements in the diabase indicate that it may belong to the tholeiitic series. With specific features of the rare earth elements (REEs) and trace elements, potentially affected by the continental crust based on the observed strong positive Pb anomaly, the diabase was produced in an intra-plate extension environment. Similar diabase/basalts were also found along the southern margin of the Alxa Block. Combined with sedimentary, palaeo-current, mafic, and felsic rocks in the southern Alxa Block, a back-arc extension environment potentially occurred in the southern Alxa Block during the Early–Middle Permian that resulted from the convergence between the North China Block (NCB) and the Yangtze Block.     

拉萨地块南木林盆地北缘中新世高锶低钇岩浆作用:锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素和地球化学特征

拉萨地块南木林盆地北缘的林子宗群火山岩地层侵位有大量的花岗斑岩岩株和岩脉,空间分布上与南北向正断层的次级断裂相一致。本次研究对南木林盆地北缘的花岗斑岩进行了系统的元素地球化学,LA-MCICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素测试。数据结果表明:花岗斑岩具有高硅(68.31%~71.34%)、高钾(4.52%~4.96%)、高(La/Yb)N(21.59~36.81)、Sr/Y(Sr/Y=15.59~38.10)等特征,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE);花岗斑岩LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为12.2±0.1Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)值为-0.6~+4.0。拉萨地块南木林盆地北缘花岗斑岩岩石学、地球化学特征显示其为新生下地壳部分熔融产物,且源区残留了石榴子石、金红石、角闪石,无斜长石残留,在岩浆上侵过程中,发生了碱性长石的分离结晶作用。花岗斑岩侵位于中新世,与区内南北向裂谷发育时代一致,成分上类似于拉萨地块南部同时期发育的高锶低钇斑岩、钾质岩,同为印度—欧亚大陆碰撞后东西向伸展背景产物。     

华南陆块钨和锡的地球化学时空分布

以1∶20万区域化探全国扫面计划水系沉积物和中国东部地壳与岩石元素丰度研究W、Sn分析数据为基础,探讨了华南陆块W、Sn的时空分布特征。从空间分布上看,华南陆块W、Sn的高含量主要分布在华南陆块东南部,即岳阳-怀化-桂林-梧州-茂名以东、长江以南广大地区的华夏地块华南造山带和东南沿海火山岩带与扬子地块下扬子台褶带和江南地轴;而南岭地区则是华南造山带W、Sn高含量的集中分布区,与华南中生代大花岗岩省成矿域产出的中国乃至世界重要的W、Sn矿产地相一致。从岩性上看,华南陆块东南部基底碱(正)长花岗岩、板岩、千枚岩、片岩以W、Sn背景含量高为特点。从时间分布上看,华南陆块东南部自中元古代以来形成的基底和盖层中砂岩和泥岩富含W、Sn,在地壳演化后期以富含W、Sn的碱(正)长花岗岩为主体的印支-燕山期大面积花岗质岩浆火山侵入活动达到高峰,造成华南陆块东南部W、Sn高背景含量的分布,形成巨大的W、Sn地球化学域。加之,华南陆块东部W、Sn成矿作用强烈,与W、Sn有关的中大型矿床密集分布,从而导致大量W、Sn区域地球化学异常和局部地球化学异常的形成。