华北东部地区中生代盆地格局及演化过程探讨

华北东部中生代盆地演化受控于欧亚构造域的板块挤压拼接和滨太平洋构造域"洋-陆"俯冲碰撞两大动力学背景,与兴蒙造山带、秦岭-大别造山带、太行山隆起及郯庐断裂带等陆内及周边造山带的形成、深大断裂发育演化以及深部动力等因素有着密切的联系。早-中三叠世华北地区基本继承了晚海西期以来的构造格局和沉积特点,地势北西高、东南低,为一南陡北缓、呈NWW向展布的大型内陆沉积盆地;晚三叠世扬子板块与华北板块剪刀式碰撞拼接,华北地区全面抬升,且西部抬升小,东部抬升幅度大,盆地范围向西部退缩,沉积范围缩小,东部地区地势较高,地貌复杂,以隆升剥蚀为主;早-中侏罗世华北东部处于由古亚洲构造域向滨太平洋构造域演化的过渡阶段,该时期太行山的形成将华北地区分割成东、西两个大盆,西部鄂尔多斯盆地依然为一个大型沉积盆地,东部渤海湾盆地区在早-中侏罗世的早期为一些小的山间沉积盆地群,主要表现为对印支期造成的大量NWW或近EW向逆冲断层及阔缓褶皱所产生的低洼地区的充填,晚期则表现为披覆式沉积;晚侏罗世-早白垩世太平洋板块活动取代了扬子板块、西伯利亚板块活动对华北地区构造演化的控制地位,中国东部进入大规模的裂陷或断陷盆地发育阶段,且出现了明显的分区性:在盐山-歧口-新港-兰考-聊城断裂系以东,由于受郯庐断裂带左旋走滑构造应力场的控制,主要发育NW或NWW向断陷盆地,而在该断裂系以西至太行山以东的地区,受左旋走滑影响较弱,主要发育NE和NNE向断陷盆地,在张家口-蓬莱走滑断裂带以北的下辽河坳陷区,盆地的长轴方向为NNE,属郯庐断裂带内部的走滑拉张盆地;晚白垩世郯庐断裂带以西的华北广大地区整体处于隆升剥蚀状态,仅在河南信阳盆地及冀中、临清、黄骅坳陷的少数低洼地区接受沉积,多以红色河湖相粗碎屑为主。研究华北东部中生代盆地演化对于该地区前第三系油气勘探具有指导意义。     

印欧大陆碰撞前亚洲大陆南缘古位置再研究:林周盆地上白垩统红层的古地磁新结果

拉萨地块林周盆地白垩系红层的古地磁数据一直都有较大争议.过去认为磁倾角变浅可能是造成这些分歧的主要原因.我们在林周盆地设兴组背斜两翼进行了系统的古地磁采样,15个采样点的特征剩磁分量在倾斜校正和倾伏褶皱校正后平均方向为D=339.3°,I=22.9°(α_(95)=5.1°).特征剩磁分量在大约69%展开时获得最大集中,表明其为同褶皱重磁化;此时平均方向为D=339.1°,I=27.3°(α_(95)=4.1°),对应的古地磁极为65.4°N,327.5°E(A_(95)=3.5°),参考点29.3°N/88.5°E的古纬度为15.0°N±3.5°.薄片镜下分析显示赤铁矿为次生矿物,岩石磁组构(AMS)也表现为过渡型构造变形组构.样品的特征剩磁方向应为重磁化的结果,E/I(elongation vs inclination)校正法显示特征剩磁方向并没有发生倾角变浅.根据区域构造,重磁化时代约为72.4±1.8 Ma到64.4±0.6 Ma.综合考虑拉萨地块东西部的古地磁数据以及地震层析成像资料后我们认为,碰撞前拉萨地块大约呈NW-SE向准线性分布,并处于~10°N-15.0°N;自~70 Ma以来,拉萨地块与稳定欧亚大陆之间至少存在1200±400 km(11.1°±3.5°)的南北向构造缩短量;印度大陆与欧亚大陆的碰撞不应晚于55 Ma.     

基于断层活动资料的鄂尔多斯块体周缘未来30年大地震危险性研究

鄂尔多斯块体周缘历史上多次发生大地震,同时该地区人口稠密,城市群集中,有必要分析该地区未来30年的大地震危险性,为该地区的应急备灾工作提供参考.本文利用块体周缘活动断层的滑动速率、历史地震古地震等资料,建立了考虑大地震发生率的时间非平稳性质和大地震危险性近断层分布特征的地震危险性模型.计算了块体周缘未来30年Ⅷ度地震动的超越概率分布图,并同《中国地震动参数区划图》的地震危险性模型进行了比较.本文研究认为,由断层滑动速率估算的断层地震活动性与基于地震目录统计的地震活动性总体差别不大,但断层源的地震危险性在沿断层破裂面地区增大明显.结果认为,鄂尔多斯块体周缘未来30年地震危险性最高的地区在块体西南缘,六盘山东麓断裂和会宁—义岗断裂及周边地区是未来30年地震危险性较高的地区.     

鄂尔多斯地块周缘大地震间相互作用研究

活动地块作为地质构造单元,其周缘的地震常常较为活跃,并且有时表现出大地震丛集发生的现象.鄂尔多斯地块处于受来自青藏高原NE向的主压应力等多重构造应力作用下的区域构造环境中,地块周缘大地震间相互作用的机制值得研究.本文以鄂尔多斯地块周缘的几次历史地震为例,分别研究了级联断层、地块同侧断层、地块不同侧断层间大地震间应力转移的现象,尝试对地块在其周缘发生大地震时的应力传递和转移行为获得新的认识.得到的结论有：1920年宁夏海原8 1/2级和1927年甘肃古浪8.0级地震分别使六盘山东麓断裂和香山-天景山断裂的大地震期望复发时间提前了800年和20年,六盘山东麓断裂当前的大地震危险性较高.1626年山西灵丘7级地震和1654年甘肃天水南8级地震分别使五台山北麓断裂的大地震复发期望时间提前了50年和279年,鄂尔多斯地块可能将其西南缘受到的部分库仑应力扰动传递到了东缘的五台山北麓断裂.     

Deformation Evolution Characteristics Revealed by GPS and Cross-fault Leveling Data before the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

Based on GPS velocity during 1999-2007, GPS baseline time series on large scale during 1999-2008 and cross-fault leveling data during 1985-2008, the paper makes some analysis and discussion to study and summarize the movement, tectonic deformation and strain accumulation evolution characteristics of the Longmenshan fault and the surrounding area before the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, as well as the possible physical mechanism late in the seismic cycle of the Wenchuan earthquake. Multiple results indicate that:GPS velocity profiles show that obvious continuous deformation across the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake was distributed across a zone at least 500km wide, while there was little deformation in Sichuan Basin and Longmenshan fault zone, which means that the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau provides energy accumulation for locked Longmenshan fault zone continuously. GPS strain rates show that the east-west compression deformation was larger in the northwest of the mid-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and deformation amplitude decreased gradually from far field to near fault zone, and there was little deformation in fault zone. The east-west compression deformation was significant surrounding the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and strain accumulation rate was larger than that of mid-northern segment. Fault locking indicates nearly whole Longmenshan fault was locked before the earthquake except the source of the earthquake which was weakly locked, and a 20km width patch in southwestern segment between 12km to 22.5km depth was in creeping state. GPS baseline time series in northeast direction on large scale became compressive generally from 2005 in the North-South Seismic Belt, which reflects that relative compression deformation enhances. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate and deformation trend accumulation rate in the Longmenshan fault zone were little, which indicates that vertical activity near the fault was very weak and the fault was tightly locked. According to analyses of GPS and cross-fault leveling data before the Wenchuan earthquake, we consider that the Longmenshan fault is tightly locked from the surface to the deep, and the horizontal and vertical deformation are weak surrounding the fault in relatively small-scale crustal deformation. The process of weak deformation may be slow, and weak deformation area may be larger when large earthquake is coming. Continuous and slow compression deformation across eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake provides dynamic support for strain accumulation in the Longmenshan fault zone in relative large-scale crustal deformation.     

基于合成速率法的青藏块体东北缘断裂活动分析

基于合成速率法、趋势累积率法与跨断层资料等的结合,从时空的不同角度分析了青藏块体东北缘主要断裂应变积累的运动特征。结果显示:(1)2010～2016年,祁连山断裂带呈微弱拉张的运动态势,海原断裂带由张转压,六盘山断裂带在门源地震前显示张性运动,震后发生转折;(2)长期来看,基于趋势累积率D_c的计算结果显示了祁连山断裂带中、西段累积应变略高于东段,从量值上看整个青藏块体东北缘D_c高值区位于六盘山断裂带附近。     

广东大宝山铜矿英安斑岩的同位素组成与蚀变特征及其找矿意义

铜矿床类型以斑岩型和矽卡岩型为主,英安斑岩是斑岩型铜钼金成矿系统中普遍发育的岩石类型,当发育良好的热液蚀变时即可作为找矿标志和成矿岩体。广东大宝山是华南目前最大的铜多金属矿,前人研究表明该矿区英安斑岩既是铜多金属矿的成矿母岩,又是有利的赋矿围岩,但关于该矿区英安斑岩与成矿的关系目前存在多种认识,随着近年来英安斑岩中厚大矿体的找矿突破,英安斑岩与成矿的关系再度成为关注的焦点。本文在野外工作和室内分析的基础上,采用X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）和电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）等技术测定大宝山英安斑岩样品中的铜、钨、硅、铝和钙等主次痕量元素的含量,重点研究了该矿区英安斑岩的同位素、金属元素组成与蚀变特征,探讨蚀变与找矿方向的关系。结果表明：①铜元素含量变化于107~6909μg/g之间,与矿区采场铜矿石品位0.3%~0.5%一致,烧失量（LOI）等可代表蚀变程度的地球化学指标与铜存在正相关性;②热液蚀变在英安斑岩中广泛发育,由早到晚依次为钾硅酸盐化蚀变、青磐岩化蚀变和绢英岩化蚀变;③各种蚀变中,绢英岩化蚀变中的铜含量要高出其他蚀变带2~5倍,表明绢英岩化热液蚀变与铜矿化关系密切,是重要的找矿标志;④英安斑岩深部（270m标高以下）蚀变强度没有减弱,仍然具有很大的找矿潜力;此外,英安斑岩与侏罗系接触带以及岩体中的围岩捕掳体也是重要的找矿方向,均可能赋存有矽卡岩型的富铜矿。     

Geodynamics of the divergent double subduction along the Bangong-Nujiang tethyan suture zone: Insights from late mesozoic intermediate-mafic rocks in central Tibet

Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone (BNSZ) in central Tibet plays an important role in evaluating the formation and uplift mechanism of Tibetan Plateau. However, its Mesozoic tectonic evolution is ambiguous and intensely debated. In this study, Early Cretacesous adakites and sodium-rich arc rocks are identified in Western Qiangtang (WQ) and Northern Lhasa (NL) sub-terranes. Forty-four adakite samples from both WQ and NL have akin geochemical features, and are derived from partial melting of subducted oceanic crust with amphibole residual. Nineteen sodium-rich samples originated from a mixed source region between crustal sediment and enriched lithospheric mantle. These two parallel arc belts separated by the Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone (BNSZ) represent the divergent double subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean (BNTO). Combined with the previous studies, our new data suggest three significant magmatic flare-ups at ∼240–140 Ma, 135–105 Ma and 92–60 Ma in the WQ and BNSZ, and two at 135–105 Ma and 92–60 Ma in the NL. These asymmetrical magmatic activities indicate that the southern subduction may have commenced at about 135 Ma and experienced slab breakoff at the latest Early Cretaceous, and the northern subduction could trace back to L-Triassic (228 Ma) and experienced episodic low-angle subduction, slab rollback (190-140 Ma) and oceanic ridge subduction (135-100 Ma). The 100–92 Ma magmatic gap, 92–60 Ma magmatic flare-up and L-Cretaceous angular unconformities indicate that the double-sided subduction of the BNTO resulted in soft collision with oceanic lithosphere detachment.     

Protoconodont fossils for refining the Cambrian bottom and the contribution to shale gas formation along the southwest margin of Yangtze Block

It has been an intense debate on the exact boundary between Ediacaran and Cambrian in the southwest Yangtze Block. The calibration of this critical boundary has a remarkable influence on the further investigation of the break-up of the Rodinia Supercontinent, the early life evolution, and the mechanism of the phosphorite deposit. Ediacaran and Cambrian strata and fossils are widely distributed in Anning, Yunnan Province in China. In recent years, the Xiaowaitoushan Member from the Lower Yuhucun Formation has been studied. Through this interval with continuous collections, the first appearance datums (FADs) of the protoconodont (Fomitchella cf. inchoate Yang et He, Protohertzina cf. anabarica Missarzhevsky) and globular embryos fossil (Olivooides sp.) earlier than these in the Lower Cambrian strata of the Meishucun Formation were discovered. This discovery indicates that the Xiaowaitoushan Member has included more FADs than the previously discovered single FAD of Anabarites primitivus Qian et Jiang, and the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary in southwest China should be replaced below the Point “A” of the Meishucun Formation in Yunnan Province. The Point “B” of the Meishucun Formation is younger than the suggested age 541 Ma of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary and can no longer reference the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) correlation in southwest China. It can be suggested based on the previous stratigraphy and palaeontology studies from northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi and the FAD of the globular embryos fossils that the Ediacaran−Cambrian boundary in the southwest Yangtze Block should be placed at the base of the Xiaowaitoushan Member; other phosphorite strata refer to Xiaowaitoushan Member. The discovery of the FADs of the shelly fossils in the Xiaowaitoushan Member provides new evidence for the global correlation of the Ediacaran –Cambrian boundary in the southwest Yangtze Block. The conodont discoloration index (CAI) of the specimens in Anning is between 2 and 3, which indicates that the organic matter in Xiaowaitoushan Member is matured and has high potential to form a shale gas reservoir.     

滇西保山地块早古生代碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素研究及其对冈瓦纳大陆重建的制约

滇西地区出露的古生界公养河群和孟定街群分别位于保山地块的西部和东部,其沉积时代、构造归属、碎屑物质来源及在早古生代冈瓦纳大陆重建中的古地理位置具有重要研究意义。本文对公养河群2个砂岩样品和孟定街群的4个变质砂岩样品的碎屑锆石进行U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析。其中,公养河群的碎屑锆石年龄谱范围是3862～533Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)值的范围是-37. 8～+11. 0,最小年龄峰期为549～533Ma,表明该群的最大沉积年龄为早寒武世早期,该群可能为寒武系地层。孟定街群的碎屑锆石年龄谱范围是3097～542Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)值的范围是-39. 5～+10. 5,其最小年龄峰期(576～458Ma)将该群的沉积下限时代限制在晚奥陶世。结合保山地块的其他古生代地层的碎屑锆石研究,我们认为保山地块在早古生代位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,物源主要来自印度大陆,但～1. 17Ga年龄峰的出现说明其东部可能接受了一定比例来自西澳大利亚的沉积物质。这一结果表明保山地块在冈瓦纳大陆北缘重建中的位置应该靠近印度大陆,而其东缘接近澳大利亚大陆。