A structural metamorphic study of the Broken Hill Block, NSW, Australia

The prograde pressure–temperature (P–T) path for the complexly polydeformed Proterozoic Broken Hill Block (Australia) has been reconstructed through detailed structural analysis in conjunction with calculation of compositionally specific P–T pseudosections of pelitic rock units within a high‐temperature shear zone that formed early in the tectonic evolution of the terrane. Whilst the overall P–T path for the Broken Hill Block has been interpreted to be anticlockwise, the prograde portion of this path has been unresolved. Our results have constrained part of this prograde path, showing an early heating event (M1) at P–T conditions of at least c. 600 °C and c. 2.8–4.2 kbar, associated with an elevated geothermal gradient (c. 41–61 °C km^?1). This event is interpreted to be the result of rifting at c. 1.69–1.67 Ga, or at c. 1.64–1.61 in the Broken Hill Block. Early rifting was followed by an episode of lithospheric thermal relaxation and burial, during which time sag‐phase sediments of the upper Broken Hill stratigraphy (Paragon Group) were deposited. Following sedimentation, a second tectonothermal event (M2/D2) occurred. This event is associated with peak low‐pressure granulite facies metamorphism (c. 1.6 Ga) and attained conditions of at least 740 °C at c. 5 kbar. A regionally pervasive, high‐temperature fabric (S2) developed during the M2/D2 event, and deformation was accommodated along lithology‐parallel, high‐temperature shear zones. The larger‐scale deformation regime (extensional or shortening) of this event remains unresolved. The M2/D2 event was terminated by intense crustal shortening during the Olarian Orogeny, during which time the first mappable folds within the Broken Hill Block developed.     

羌塘及南缘地区的地壳结构

通过对INDEPTH III宽频地震资料的处理,采用最新发展的接收函数深度偏移叠加方法,获取羌塘盆地南部及与拉萨地块北侧的剖面。偏移图像勾画了羌塘地区的两盆夹一隆的基底,以及羌塘下地壳内存在的北倾构造序列。冈底斯的基底与羌塘地区有一定的延续性,而拉萨地块的上地壳则完全不同。同时通过与人工深反射地震剖面,发现主要大型的断裂构造在接收函数剖面上均可进行追踪对比,对于羌中隆起和和羌塘南北凹陷的深部成因有启示作用。同时发现班公-怒江缝合带Moho面错断并不明显,而在拉萨地块下方呈现的双Moho在色林错下方进行了合并。在南羌塘Moho面转换波强度不大,而北羌塘又重新恢复正常,推测这是拉萨地块向北的推挤造成羌塘下地壳部分地区重新分异的结果。双Moho的成因有待进一步分析,应该与拉萨地块下方大规模低速物质活动和MHT拆离断层的延伸有关。     

平行剖面法用棱柱和截锥公式计算块段体积注意的问题

用平行剖面法计算资源/储量时,若矿体块段在相邻两剖面上均有面积,且控制两面积的工程间距或控制每个剖面面积的工程见矿平均厚度不相等的情况下,使用棱柱体公式计算块段体积,或相邻两剖面上面积形状不相似的情况下,使用截锥体公式计算块段体积,均存在一定的误差。而拟柱体公式则是精确计算块段体积的通用公式,其使用不受上述条件的限制。因此,在这种情况下,建议限制或停止使用棱柱体和截锥体公式,提倡统一使用拟柱体公式来计算矿体块段的体积。     

西藏南木林晚白垩世辉绿岩与花岗质脉岩成因及其揭示的伸展背景

青藏高原南部拉萨地块晚白垩世岩浆岩带的岩石成因和动力学对于揭示大陆碰撞之前的特提斯演化过程具有重要意义。本文报道了南木林县南部的辉绿岩岩株及侵入其中的正长花岗岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素和微量元素以及岩石地球化学数据,并探讨了晚白垩世构造-岩浆作用过程。辉绿岩年龄为93.8Ma,正长花岗岩脉年龄为92.4Ma,为同期晚白垩世岩浆活动产物。辉绿岩富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,锆石εHf(t)为+8.5~+14.2,具有亏损的岛弧岩浆特征,可能是俯冲交代的地幔楔熔体与软流圈熔体相互作用发生部分熔融的产物;正长花岗岩具有富Si O2(74.76%~76.02%)、富K2O(4.75%~6.18%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=7.57%~8.44%),以及过铝质特征(A/CNK=1.10~1.18),εHf(t)为+7.7~+13.0,岩石属于高分异的I型花岗岩,可能源于新生的镁铁质下地壳的部分熔融。从南木林地区产出的基性岩和酸性脉岩构成的"双峰式"岩石组合、靠近弧后的伸展构造背景、软流圈和岩石圈的共同参与、上地幔和下地壳同时产生岩浆作用等过程,结合78~100Ma岩浆作用大规模东西向带状分布等研究结果,本文认为南木林南部岩浆岩可能是在新特提斯洋壳北向俯冲挤压的同时,在大约90~100Ma时期,深部发生了板片断离或者板片回转,浅部造成了弧后伸展的构造背景。位于板片窗上方,源于交代地幔楔和软流圈相互作用产生了镁铁质岩浆,上侵后诱发下地壳部分熔融形成花岗质岩浆。基性岩石、花岗质岩石以及特殊类型的紫苏花岗岩、埃达克岩等多种岩石类型并存,表明晚白垩世时期,特提斯洋向着拉萨地块之下的总体俯冲背景下,可能存在洋脊俯冲、板片断离、板片回转等多种构造-岩浆体制。     

青海南部二叠纪类生物古地理区系

冈瓦纳与欧亚大陆间的昌都地块构造属性存在争议,解决问题的关键是生物古地理区系判别.青海南部二叠纪类化 石群的研究表明昌都地块该生物群一直表现为暖水的特提斯型,与华南地区始终表现出更多的相似性,其生物古地理归属应 为特提斯大区华夏-特提斯区华南亚区.昌都地块南界龙木错-双湖-澜沧江缝合带在早二叠世为划分青藏高原暖水型特提 斯区的南界,不仅是华南亚区与藏北冷暖混合亚区的分界线,也是特提斯大区与冈瓦纳大区的分界线.中二叠世以后该带不再 构成大区界线,但在确定次一级分区界线上仍是一个很好的划分标志;北界金沙江缝合带二叠纪两侧生物群表现出一致性, 未形成浅海底栖生物自由迁移的障碍,不具有生物古地理分区意义.      

Coseismic surface rupture characteristics and earthquake damage analysis of the eastern end of the 2021 MS 7.4 Madoi (Qinghai) earthquake

At 02:04 on May 22, 2021, an M_S 7.4 earthquake occurred in Madoi County in Qinghai Province, China. This earthquake is the largest seismic event in China since the 2008 M_S 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. Thus, it is critical to investigate surface deformation and damage in time to accurately understand the seismogenic structure of the Madoi earthquake and the seismogenic capacity of the blocks in this region. This study focuses on the Xuema Village, located at the eastern end of the coseismic surface ruptures produced by the event, and assesses the deformation and seismic damage in this area based on field surveys, UAV photogrammetry, and ground penetrating radar (GPR). The results indicate that the rupture scale is substantially smaller at the eastern end of the rupture zone compared to other segments. En echelon type shear tensile fractures are concentrated in a width range of 50–100 m, and the width of single fractures ranges from 20 to 30 cm. In contrast, the degree of seismic damage significantly increases at this site. All of the brick and timber houses are damaged or collapsed, while the steel frame structures and the color steel houses are slightly damaged. More than 80% of the bridge decks on the Changma River Bridge collapse, similar to the terraces along the Youerqu and Changma Rivers and the cut slopes of Provincial Highway S205. We infer that the seismogenic fault of the Madoi earthquake exerts a tail effect in this segment. The tension zone has led to a reduction at the eastern end of the rupture zone, causing shaking damage. Local topography and buildings without earthquake-resistant construction along the strike of the rupture zone have undergone different levels of seismic damage.     

泸州深层页岩气呼吸性地层井漏堵漏方法及对策分析——以Y101H3-4井为例

泸州深层页岩气储层埋深达4000 m,属于高压力地层,所钻遇石牛栏组地层岩性为含砂泥岩,本区内多口井钻遇高压裂缝气,溢流及井漏风险大,时常出现高套压事件;同时一些井存在采用高密度钻井液钻进至类似地层时发生漏失后又返吐的现象,给堵漏和钻进作业带来较大困难。针对该类呼吸性地层井漏,以Y101H3-4井为例,现场试验了一系列堵漏方法及措施,结果表明：常规堵漏工艺对呼吸性地层堵漏效果不佳,堵漏材料粒径难以匹配,易导致封门堵漏失败;针对同平台邻井实钻油气显示情况,合理降低钻井液密度有助于堵漏作业实施;油基水泥塞是解决此类呼吸性井漏最有效的工艺技术,但前提条件是确定合理钻井液密度,降低注水泥过程中的返吐量,防止水泥浆与钻井液直接接触污染。在泸州区块采取降密度+注油基水泥塞堵漏是解决呼吸性地层井漏的最佳方法,可快速解决该类地层的堵漏难题。     

Crustal Structure of the Chuan-Dian Block Revealed by Deep Seismic Sounding and its Implications for the Outward Expansion of the East Tibetan Plateau

The Chuan-Dian Block (CDB) is located in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, with a complex geological structure and active regional faults. The present tectonic condition with strong crustal deformation is closely related to the ongoing collision of the India and Eurasia plates since 65 Ma. The study of the crustal structure of this area is key to revealing the evolution and deep geodynamics of the lateral collision zone of the Tibetan Plateau. Deep seismic sounding is the most efficient method with which to unravel the velocity structure of the whole crust. Since the 1980s, 19 deep seismic sounding profiles have been captured within the CDB area. In this study, we systematically integrate the research results of the 19 profiles in this area, then image the 3D crustal velocity, by sampling with a 5 km spacing and 2D/3D Kriging interpolation. The results show the following. (1) The Moho depth in the study area deepens from 30 km in the south to 66 km in the north, whereas there is no apparent variation from west to east. The Pn wave velocity is higher in stable tectonic units, such as 7.95 km/s in the Lanping-Simao block and 7.94 km/s in the western margin of the Yangtze block, than in active or mobile tectonic units, such as 7.81 km/s in the Baoshan block, 7.72 km/s in the Tengchong block and 7.82 km/s in the Zhongdian block. (2) The crustal nature of the Tengchong block, the northern Lanping-Simao block and the Zhongdian block reflects a type of orogenic belt, having relatively strong tectonic activities, whereas the crustal nature of the central Lanping-Simao block and the western margin of the Yangtze block represents a type of platform. The different features of the upper-middle crust velocity, Moho depth and Pn wave velocity to both sides of the Red River fault zone and the Xianshuihe fault zone, reflect that they are clearly ultra-crustal. (3) Based on the distribution of the low velocity zones in the crust, the crustal material of the Tibetan Plateau is flowing in a NW–SE direction to the north of 26°N and to the west of 101°E, then diverting to flowing eastwards to the east of 101°E.     

西藏谢通门县切琼地区典中组流纹岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素及地球化学特征

西藏中拉萨地块切琼地区广泛发育的林子宗群火山岩被认为是印度大陆与亚洲大陆碰撞火山作用的响应,对于揭示大陆碰撞的时限和过程具有重要的意义。本文对区内流纹岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素及全岩元素地球化学研究,结果显示:研究区流纹岩年龄为67.1±0.1 Ma,符合林子宗群典中组火山岩年龄范围。该流纹岩具有富Si、高K、低Ti、过铝质特征;富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,(Gd/Yb)_N=0.57~1.16,普遍出现负Eu异常(δEu=0.05~0.08),相对富集大离子亲石元素(Pb、Rb、Th、U),亏损高场强元素(P、Ti),并且明显亏损Ba和Sr,属于高钾钙碱性过铝质系列,具有陆源弧火山岩的特点;锆石¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf值在0.282673~0.282804之间,_εHf(t)在?2.1~+2.3之间,平均为?0.6,t_2DM变化于875~1117 Ma之间。综合分析表明,切琼地区林子宗群典中组流纹岩形成于俯冲构造环境,源于古老地壳物质再循环,且混染了少量幔源物质。对比区域上相关矿床,结合切琼地区已发现矿点,表明切琼地区典中组火山岩具有一定寻找浅成低温热液型、矽卡岩型矿床的潜力。     

鄂尔多斯地块西南缘中元古代玄武安山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

铁马河玄武安山岩位于鄂尔多斯地块西南缘,沿六盘山东麓断裂带出露。岩石发育气孔和杏仁状构造,具有斑状结构—间隐结构,斑晶主要为长条状斜长石和少量蚀变暗色矿物。岩石地球化学呈现富Na₂O、Fe O^T、Al₂O₃,贫Mg O、TiO₂、K₂O的特点,稀土配分曲线为右倾轻稀土富集型,LREE/HREE=6.50～7.01,(La/Yb)_N为5.620.69～0.91。样品[n(⁸⁷Sr)/n(⁸⁶Sr)]_i为～7.14,富集Ba、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素,Nb、Sr和Ti相对亏损,δEu=0.70587～0.70934,ε_Nd(t)介于-6.9-4.8,T_DM为2562～2730～Ma,Nb/Ta(6.60～8.25)低于大陆地壳的平均值,指示了受俯冲流体改造的古老富集地幔参与了岩浆形成。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果显示铁马河...