复杂地质条件下顶拱大型不稳定块体分析与预测

锦屏一级水电站2#尾水调压室所处位置地质条件复杂,在桩号0+320~0+360和0+0~0+120之间开挖时局部掉块严重。本文综合分析后,提出了2#尾调室顶拱未开挖域产生大型不稳定块体的必要条件是:(1)由节理①④F183组结构面和开挖临空面切割产生;(2)块体大小主要取决于节理组①和④的延伸长度;(3)较大不稳定块体的产生区域,必然位于F18断层带下盘。对2#尾调室顶拱进行搜索预测,预测结果表明该潜在块体位于未开挖区域桩号0+180～0+260之间,规模约为50m3,重达133.5t。根据块体理论分析,其稳定性系数为1.052,处于临界状态,应采取相应的应急支护补强措施。     

云南腾冲泥炭

腾总地区泥炭资源丰富,且与硅藻土层（上）形影相随,关系密切,属第四纪火山断块盆地、封闭-半封闭,河湖相沉积,有其独特的演变历史。     

Gangdese retroarc thrust belt and foreland basin deposits in the Damxung area, southern Tibet

Geologic mapping and U–Pb detrital zircon geochronologic studies of (meta)sedimentary rocks in the Damxung area (90 km north of Lhasa) of the southern Lhasa terrane in Tibet provide new insights into the history of deformation and clastic sedimentation prior to late Cenozoic extension. Cretaceous nonmarine clastic rocks 10 km southeast of Damxung are exposed as structural windows in the footwall of a thrust fault (the Damxung thrust) that carries Paleozoic strata in the hanging wall. To the north of Damxung in the southern part of the northern Nyainqentanglha Range (NNQTL), metaclastic rocks of previously inferred Paleozoic age are shown to range in depositional age from Late Cretaceous to Eocene. The metaclastic rocks regionally dip southward and are interpreted to have been structurally buried in the footwall of the Damxung thrust prior to being tectonized during late Cenozoic transtension. Along the northern flank of the NNQTL, Lower Eocene syncontractional redbeds were deposited in a triangle zone structural setting. All detrital zircon samples of Cretaceous–Eocene strata in the Damxung area include Early Cretaceous grains that were likely sourced from the Gangdese arc to the south. We suggest that the that newly recognized Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene (meta)clastic deposits and thrust faults represent the frontal and youngest part of a northward directed and propagating Gangdese retroarc thrust belt and foreland basin system that led to significant crustal thickening and elevation gain in southern Tibet prior to India-Asian collision.     

2012—2016年拉萨市热岛效应的时空分布及对土地利用/覆盖的响应

本文利用2012—2016年拉萨市8个自动气象观测站所采集的常规观测资料,结合2012和2016年Landsat8 TM影像数据对拉萨市土地利用类型分类,并且收集分析了拉萨市大量工、农业生产和居民生活等相关数据资料,评估了拉萨市热岛效应的时空分布特征及其与土地利用的关系。结果表明：拉萨市城市热岛的年、季节变化呈逐渐增强趋势;月变化呈现出“W”型的周期变化特征,城市热岛强度主要集中在冬季,其次是夏季,春秋季的热岛效应较弱;城市热岛的空间分布具有极不平衡性,总体表现为西南高,东北低,热岛区范围有所扩大,且热岛中心由经济开发区向南偏移至柳梧火车站,热岛低值范围一直位于税务林、拉鲁湿地附近。城市热岛强度与土地利用类型有较好的对应关系：市内开发区,建筑物密集、人为活动较多的地方有较高的热岛强度,林地、湿地对应的热岛强度较低。拉萨市热岛效应与人口密度、房屋建成面积和当年减少耕地面积成正相关性,与造林面积成负相关性,而与农业生产总值没有显著相关。     

2014—2016年拉萨市大气环境质量分析及评价

本文对2014—2016年拉萨市6种空气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、PM25、CO、O3的浓度变化进行了分析和评估。结果表明：①拉萨市区大气污染物以PM10为主,其次是O3;②拉萨市区大气环境中SO2、CO的含量逐年下降,但是,NO2含量逐年上升;③拉萨市大气环境中的PM25与PM10比值明显偏低,表明拉萨市大气环境质量主要的影响因素为自然因素。     

A sequence of partial melting reactions at Mt Stafford, central Australia

Metasedimentary gneisses show a rapid change in grade in a 10  km wide low- P /high- T  regional aureole at Mt Stafford in the Arunta Block, central Australia. Migmatite occurs in all but the lowermost of five metamorphic zones, which grade from greenschist (Zone 1) through amphibolite (Zones 2–3) to granulite facies (Zones 4–5). The sequence of partial melting reactions inferred for metapelitic rocks is dependant upon protolith, temperature and fluid conditions. The metapelite solidus in Zone 2 reflects vapour-present melting at P ≈3  kbar and T  ≈640  °C, melting having initially been controlled by the congruent breakdown of the assemblage Crd–Kfs–Bt–Qtz. At slightly higher temperature, andalusite in leucosome formed via the reaction Kfs+Qtz+Bt+H₂O→And+melt; And+melt having been stabilized by the presence of boron. Sillimanite coaxially replaces andalusite in the high-grade portion of Zone 2. In Zone 3, large aluminosilicate aggregates in leucosome are armoured by Spl–Crd±Grt symplectites. Garnet partially pseudomorphs biotite, cordierite or spinel in high-grade portions of Zone 3. Zone 4 Grt–Crd–Opx-bearing metapsammite assemblages and garnet-bearing leucosome reflect T  ≈800  °C and P =2.2±0.9  kbar. In the model KFMASH system the principal vapour-absent melting step reflected significant modal changes related to the breakdown of the As–Bt tie-line and the establishment of the Spl–Crd tie-line; the bulk rock geochemistry of migmatite samples straddle the Spl–Crd tie-line. The aluminous bulk-rock composition of the common bedded migmatite restricted its potential to witness garnet-forming and orthopyroxene-forming reactions, minor textural and modal changes in and above Zone 3 reflecting biotite destablization in biotite-poor assemblages.     

Re–Os Geochronology of Molybdenite from Yinyan Porphyry Sn Deposit in South China

The Yinyan Sn deposit, one of the three typical porphyry Sn deposits in China, is located in the western Guangdong province of the Cathaysia Block. Rhenium and osmium isotopes of molybdenites from the Yinyan deposit were first used to constrain the age of mineralization. Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite samples range from 0.13 to 1.3 µg g^?1, indicating a crustal source for the ore‐forming materials. The Re–Os dating yield model ages ranging from 78.1 to 79.52 Ma, with an average of 78.65 ± 0.98 Ma, and give an isochron age of 78.8 ± 2.6 Ma. Evidently, isochron age is consistent with model ages in the error within the allowable range, so we can constrain the precise age of Yinyan Sn deposit at the Late Cretaceous. Based on the geological history and spatial‐temporal distribution of the Sn deposits, it is proposed that the formation of Sn deposits in the Cathaysia Block were related to lithospheric extension that are associated with a change in the polarity of the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate from oblique subduction to parallel the eastern margin of the Eurasian Plate after 135 Ma.     

豫西雷门沟钼矿区花岗斑岩年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究

雷门沟钼矿床是东秦岭地区典型的斑岩型矿床之一。矿体主要赋存于雷门沟花岗斑岩体内,部分产于岩体外接触带的太华群片麻岩中。LA-(MC)-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,雷门沟花岗斑岩的成岩年龄为(131.0±0.6)Ma(n=25,MSWD=1.6),与辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄(132±2)Ma一致。岩石地球化学分析表明,该岩体的A/CNK=1.11~1.17,w(K2O+Na2O)为8.12%~9.07%,K2O/Na2O比值为1.17~1.68,属于过铝质和高钾钙碱性系列。稀土和微量元素特征显示,该岩体富集LREE、K、Rb、Ba、Sr、Pb等大离子亲石元素,亏损HREE、Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素,具有中等的负铕异常。岩石的初始87Sr/86Sr比值为0.709 319~0.709 326,εNd(t)值为-16.26~-16.16;锆石的εHf(t)值变化于-27.9~-16.9,二阶段模式年龄tDM2=2259~2946 Ma,显示其源区物质以壳源物质为主,可能为太古宙太华群,有少量幔源组分的参与,岩体可能是由底侵的基性幔源岩浆诱发的地壳物质部分熔融形成的。与邻近的花山岩基的地球化学和同位素特征对比表明,雷门沟花岗斑岩和花山岩基来源于相同的源区,推测二者应是不同侵入期次的产物。     

In Situ Stress Measurements in the Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau, China

Tectonic activities are frequent in the Lhasa terrane because of the ongoing collision between the India and Eurasia plates. Knowledge of the stress state is critical to evaluate the crustal stability and the design of underground excavations. Because of the limitations imposed by natural conditions,little research has been performed on the present crustal in situ stress in the Tibetan Plateau,and further study is imperative. In this study,hydraulic fracturing measurements were conducted in Nyching County(LZX) and Lang County(LX),Lhasa terrane to characterize the shallow crustal stress state. The results indicate that the stress state in the LZX borehole is markedly different from that in the LX borehole,in both magnitude and orientation. At the same measurement depths,the magnitudes of horizontal principal stresses in the LX borehole are 1.5–3.0 times larger than those in the LZX borehole. The stress regime in the LX borehole favors reverse faulting characterized by SHShSv,where SH,Sh,and Sv are maximum horizontal,minimum horizontal,and vertical principal stresses,respectively. The SH and Sh values are approximately three and two times greater than Sv. Fracture impression results reveal that SH in the LX borehole are predominantly N–S,while in the LZX borehole the maximum horizontal principal stress is mainly in the NNE-direction. The heterogeneity of the regional stress state might be a result of the population and distribution of local structures and seismic activities. The stress state in the LX borehole has exceeded the critical state of failure equilibrium,and there is an optimally orientated pre-existing fault near the borehole. It can be concluded that the optimally orientated fault is likely to be active when the stress has built up sufficiently to destroy the frictional equilibrium; it is suggested that research focus should be placed on this in future. The stress states in boreholes LZX and LX indicate uniformity of the regional stress field and diversity of the local stress fields resulting from the interactions among regional dynamic forces,tectonic stress field,and geological structures.     

柴西缘花土沟超高温变质地体中的镁铝麻粒岩岩石成因及其与熔体行为的关系

镁铝麻粒岩泛指一类全岩化学成分富镁、铝的麻粒岩相变质岩,是研究超高温变质作用的峰期变质条件和变质演化历史的重要对象,但目前对它的原岩属性和岩石成因的认识仍十分有限。本文以柴达木地块西缘的花土沟超高温变质地体为例,在野外调查基础上,对镁铝麻粒岩和泥质片麻岩进行了岩相学和全岩地球化学分析,发现镁铝麻粒岩与含浅色体的泥质片麻岩的SiO₂、TiO₂、P₂O₅ 含量相似,^TFe₂O₃、Al₂O₃、MnO、CaO、Na₂O含量虽有差异但变化范围存在交集。此外,两类岩石具有相似的微量和稀土元素配分曲线,结合两者的矿物组合也存在相似性,提出花土沟镁铝麻粒岩的原岩可能是与泥质片麻岩类似的泥质沉积岩。从低角闪岩相变泥质岩到含浅色体的泥质片麻岩,再到镁铝麻粒岩,其全岩化学成分向着贫铝、钙、钾、钠,富铁、镁的趋势变化。其中,高X_Mg值（0.51~0.69）是镁铝麻粒岩与其他泥质片麻岩（X_Mg=0.34~0.43）的最大差别。通过对变泥质岩的相平衡模拟和理论计算,发现部分熔融和熔体丢失能解释大部分的变化趋势,但基本不影响全岩X_Mg值;只有在进变质升温过程中丢失含石榴子石的熔体才能造成变泥质岩的镁铝麻粒岩化。此外,富石榴子石的泥质残留体相比附近的含浅色体泥质片麻岩,贫硅、钠、钾,富集铝、铁、镁、锰、钙,重稀土元素含量显著高于后者,上述地球化学特征对应石榴子石熔体的加入而后长英质熔体的丢失,支持野外观察到的熔体携带石榴子石迁移的现象。最后,对镁铝麻粒岩只呈透镜体产出的原因做出了推测,即熔体很难带着石榴子石完成长距离迁移,只有被长英质正片麻岩包围的泥质沉积物,其进变质加热阶段形成的熔体才能携带石榴子石完全迁出原岩,促成变泥质岩透镜体的镁铝麻粒岩化,目前仍需更多的相关研究来验证这一推测。在世界其他高温-超高温变质岩区,石榴子石熔体的迁出和泥质岩的镁铝麻粒岩化可能也不同程度有所保留和记录。