重新认识西藏林周盆地基性岩石的地球动力学含义

拉萨地体南部大面积分布的林子宗火山岩的地球动力学意义迄今尚未得到很好的约束,对于这个问题的深入理解有助于揭示雅鲁藏布特提斯洋岩石圈的俯冲和随后印度-欧亚大陆的陆陆碰撞过程。要合理认识林子宗火山岩所蕴含的地球动力学含义,在一定程度上还有赖于对林子宗火山岩中基性岩石的岩浆起源和性质的深入剖析。本文结合已有资料,报道和总结了位于林子宗火山岩命名地——林周盆地中基性岩石样品(56~53Ma)的全岩地球化学、Sr-Nd同位素数据。林周盆地基性岩石为高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列,富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、亏损高场强元素(HFSEs),初始⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值为0.7048~0.7054,ε_Nd(t)值为+0.5~+1.8;同时还具有高Zr含量、Zr/Y比值以及高的Ta/Hf、Th/Hf比值。林周盆地基性岩石既显示岛弧玄武岩浆又显示板内玄武岩浆的双重地球化学特征,除了来源于受俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔的部分熔融外,同时可能还存在深部软流圈地幔物质的贡献。本文提出其成因很可能与雅鲁藏布特提斯洋壳北向俯冲板片在约52Ma发生的板片断离有关,指示印度与亚洲大陆的初始碰撞至少发生在60Ma以前。     

阴山地块晚太古代岩浆作用、变质作用对地壳演化及BIF成因的启示

阴山地块是华北克拉通西部太古代基底出露最大最完整的地区.固阳地区是阴山地块最具代表性的地区,主要由中西部低级别变质的晚太古代花岗-绿岩地体和东部的高级变质杂岩地体组成.统计结果表明,无论是绿岩带,花岗岩类侵入体,还是高级别变质杂岩的原岩都形成于晚太古代末期(2562 ～ 2510Ma),形成时间上相互重叠,在～2500Ma,～2480Ma分别经历了两期变质事件,第一期为逆时针的P-T轨迹,与洋脊俯冲有关;第二期则表现顺时针的P-T轨迹,与晚期碰撞造山有关.科马提岩-科马提质玄武岩、高镁安山岩-富Nb火山岩、TFG和Sanukitoid多种具有特殊构造意义的岩石同时发育.综合已有资料获得如下启示,阴山地块在晚太古代受板块体制控制,并先后经历了洋脊俯冲和碰撞造山过程.将区域内的BIF与相关岩石联系起来考虑,得出BIF的形成与洋脊俯冲有关,BIF中的Si来源于绿岩带底部的玄武岩,Fe来源于同层位的科马提岩.     

Morphology and stratigraphic relationships of the Wiluna hardpan in arid Western Australia

Over much of arid Western Australia a red and brown hardpan occurs on broad plains; it may lie either on the surface or buried beneath a shallow mantle of soil. It is proposed that, because of its lithological character and its considerable thickness and extent, it should be given the name of Wiluna Hardpan. The proposed type section is north of Wiluna, near Bulloo Downs homestead, where headward erosion of the Ashburton River is exposing sections 30 m deep. Although both ferruginous and calcareous cement may be present, Wiluna Hardpan is largely indurated with silica. It is younger than laterite, but broadly contemporaneous with calcrete and Robe Pisolite. Initially it was probably geographically restricted by a coincidence of suitable conditions of low relief and a climate resulting in episodic flooding and desiccation. Its present distribution is partly controlled by current erosional and depositional processes.     

Origin and evolution of Lord Howe Island,Southwest Pacific Ocean

Lord Howe Island is the eroded remnant of a large shield volcano. Tholeiitic lavas of the North Ridge Basalt comprise the main shield building phase and were erupted about 6.9 Ma ago. The Boat Harbour Breccia probably formed within the throat of the volcano and, together with the North Ridge Basalt, is intruded by numerous basaltic dykes, which grade into a cone sheet complex near the main vent. Large scale collapse of the summit area of the volcano produced a caldera which was filled rapidly by lavas of the Mount Lidgbird Basalt some 6.4 Ma ago, bringing to a close the volcanic history of Lord Howe Island. The shield volcano thus was built during a short interval in the late Miocene.

Palaeomagnetic data show that the North Ridge Basalt and the Mount Lidgbird Basalt were erupted during periods when the geomagnetic field had normal polarity, and that their formation was separated by at least one interval of reversed polarity when the dykes and cone sheets were emplaced. The directions of magnetisation for the lavas and intrusives are such that, palaeomagnetically, no movement of Lord Howe Island is detected since its formation.

Lord Howe Island is the subaerial part of a large seamount which lies at the southern end of a northerly‐trending line of volcanic seamounts extending for more than 1000 km. The Lord Howe seamount chain probably was produced by movement of the Australian lithospheric plate over a magma source or hot spot located below the plate within the upper mantle. Other data suggest that the Australian plate is moving N at about 6 cm/a and from this it is predicted that the seamount underlying Nova Bank, at the northern end of the chain, was constructed by volcanic activity about 23 Ma ago. Similarly, if volcanism were to occur now in the Lord Howe seamount chain we predict that its location would be about 400 km S of Lord Howe Island.     

Crustal architecture of central Victoria: results from the 2006 deep crustal reflection seismic survey

A ～400 km long deep crustal reflection seismic survey was acquired in central Victoria, Australia, in 2006. It has provided information on crustal architecture across the western Lachlan Orogen and has greatly added to the understanding of the tectonic evolution. The east-dipping Moyston Fault is confirmed as the suture between the Delamerian and western Lachlan Orogens, and is shown to extend down to the Moho. The Avoca Fault, the boundary between the Stawell and Bendigo Zones, is a west-dipping listric reverse fault that intersects the Moyston Fault at a depth of about 22 km, forming a V-shaped geometry. Both the Stawell and Bendigo Zones can be divided broadly into a lower crustal region of interlayered and imbricated metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks and an upper crustal region of tightly folded metasedimentary rocks. The Stawell Zone was probably part of a Cambrian accretionary system along the eastern Gondwanaland margin, and mafic rocks may have been partly consumed by Cambrian subduction. Much of the Early Cambrian oceanic crust beneath the Bendigo Zone was not subducted, and is preserved as a crustal-scale imbricate thrust stack. The seismic data have shown that a thin-skinned structural model appears to be valid for much of the Melbourne Zone, whereas the Stawell and Bendigo Zones have a thick-skinned structural style. Internal faults in the Stawell and Bendigo Zones are mostly west-dipping listric faults, which extend from the surface to near the base of the crust. The Heathcote Fault Zone, the boundary between the Bendigo and Melbourne Zones, extends to at least 20 km, and possibly to the Moho. A striking feature in the seismic data is the markedly different seismic character of the mid to lower crust of the Melbourne Zone. The deep seismic reflection data for the Melbourne Zone have revealed a multilayered crustal structure that supports the Selwyn Block model.     

Structural and timing constraints on molybdenum and tungsten mineralisation at Yea,Victoria

The molybdenite and scheelite mineralisation in the Native Dog Pluton at Monkey Gully near Yea is hosted within an I-type (post-orogenic) pluton, which shows extensive fractionation and magma mixing, and was emplaced in an extensional environment. The pluton comprises four principal rock types: tonalite, granodiorite, dacite and leucogranite. Emplacement of the pluton was in an extensional northwest to southeast paleostress field. Early extensional quartz veins, related to cooling, are overprinted by both dacitic dykes and late-stage quartz sheeted veins. The late-stage veins host the molybdenum and tungsten mineralisation in the deposit. ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U zircon ages of 356 ±14 Ma and 375 ± 22 Ma place pluton formation and mineralisation at the onset of the Kanimblan Orogeny and later than other major molybdenum deposits in Victoria. Key factors governing the source for the granite and its associated mineralisation are: (1) the presence of a highly fractionated and sulfur-rich leucogranite; and (2) the pluton's location in a regional jog overlying the Selwyn basement block. Finally, a model is developed to explain the differences between this Melbourne Zone molybdenum and tungsten deposit compared with other metallogenic porphyry deposits.     

拉萨地块中部晚白垩世火山岩Ar-Ar年代学和古地磁研究结果及其构造意义

为进一步确定拉萨地块白垩纪-古近纪的古地理位置,我们对青藏高原拉萨地块措勤地区林子宗火山岩18个采点进行了古地磁研究.结果表明高温(高场)特征剩磁分量主要为亚铁磁性的磁铁矿所携带,特征剩磁分量在95%置信水平下通过了褶皱检验. 倾斜校正后采点平均的特征剩磁方向为D/I=16.2°/17.7°, α₉₅=5.6°,对应古地磁极位置为63.1°N,224.6°E,A₉₅=5.1°. 另一方面,Ar-Ar年代学结果表明采样剖面的林子宗火山岩形成年龄为~99-93 Ma, 与拉萨地块林周盆地的林子宗群火山岩的形成年龄存在较大差异.由此我们得到晚白垩世拉萨地块中部措勤地区的古纬度为8.5°±6.9°N,与林周盆地古近纪林子宗群典中组和年波组所揭示出的古纬度相当,进一步表明亚洲大陆最南缘的拉萨地块在晚白垩世-古近世期间位于北半球~10°N的低纬度地区.结合最新的特提斯海相地层古地磁结果,晚白垩世-古近世拉萨地块的古地理位置限定了印度与欧亚大陆的初始碰撞时间不晚于60.5 Ma;~93 Ma以来,拉萨地块和单一刚性欧亚大陆之间存在~1900 km的构造缩短.     

A partition‐based serial algorithm for generating viewshed on massive DEMs

As increasingly large‐scale and higher‐resolution terrain data have become available, for example air‐form and space‐borne sensors, the volume of these datasets reveals scalability problems with existing GIS algorithms. To address this problem, a kind of serial algorithm was developed to generate viewshed on large grid‐based digital elevation models (DEMs). We first divided the whole DEM into rectangular blocks in row and column directions (called block partitioning), then processed these blocks with four axes followed by four sectors sequentially. When processing the particular block, we adopted the ‘reference plane’ algorithm to calculate the visibility of the target point on the block, and adjusted the calculation sequence according to the different spatial relationships between the block and the viewpoint since the viewpoint is not always inside the DEM. By adopting the ‘Reference Plane’ algorithm and using a block partitioning method to segment and load the DEM dynamically, it is possible to generate viewshed efficiently in PC‐based environments. Experiments showed that the divided block should be dynamically loaded whole into computer main memory when partitioning, and the suggested approach retains the accuracy of the reference plane algorithm and has near linear compute complexity.     

基于Surpac的乌山铜钼矿模型优化研究

利用矿业软件Surpac,收集矿山在开采过程中的生产勘探数据和南矿段补勘所采集的钻孔资料,更新了地质数据库;对乌山铜钼矿矿床模型进行了优化研究;为边际品位指标优化提供了地质资源基础;同时也作为储量估算和境界圈定的依据。     

Late Cretaceous tectono-magmatic activity in the Nize region,central Tibet: evidence for lithospheric delamination beneath the Qiangtang–Lhasa collision zone

ABSTRACT

The results of zircon U–Pb age dating and whole-rock geochemistry for the Late Cretaceous Nize granodiorite porphyries, combined with analysis of near-coeval structural deformation of the Lower Cretaceous Langshan Formation, provide new data to better understand the tectonic evolution of the northern Lhasa subterrane, central Tibet. Zircon U–Pb ages of 89.2 ± 0.3 Ma to 87.8 ± 0.3 Ma indicate emplacement during the Late Cretaceous. Granodiorite porphyry intrusions were contemporaneous with the development of a regional angular unconformity, overlain by the Upper Cretaceous Jingzhushan (or Abushan) Formation, within the collision zone between the South Qiangtang and Lhasa terranes. Geochemical data for Nize granodiorite porphyries indicate that they have a calc-alkaline composition enriched in large-ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements and depleted in high-field-strength elements and heavy rare earth elements. High Al₂O₃ and Sr contents, low Yb and Y contents, and high Sr/Y ratios are similar to adakitic magmas.

Structural analysis indicates two stages of deformation (D₁ and D₂), with D₁ forming the focus of the present study. The D₁ deformation is represented by large-scale faults and records two periods of faulting. These periods are recognized as early compressional thrust faulting and a dominant late stage characterized by normal faulting and extension, with the latter stages of D₁ being near-coeval with the emplacement of the Nize granodiorite porphyries. The combination of zircon ages, geochemical data, and structural analysis indicates that the Nize granodiorite porphyries formed after collision of the South Qiangtang and Lhasa terranes. Adakitic magma derived from partial melting of the thickened lower or middle crust resulted from lithospheric delamination that may have been promoted by the convective removal of deeper lithospheric mantle.