中国华南大陆及陆缘地带的大地构造基本格局

华南及陆缘地带主体由扬子块体和华南块体、南海盆地及琼南微块体和台湾岛活动带组成。在多期构造运动、多期岩浆活动和多种力系用下形成了该区浅部和深部独特的结构形式和深层过程。因此,该地区不论在岩相和地球内部圈层耦合,海陆耦合以及壳、幔、核深部物质与能量的交换和演化,地史进程和在东亚大陆动力学研究中均占有极为重要的地位。本文在纵观各地质大家学术观战和构造分类的基础上,基于对该区多年来的岩石圈深部结构、构造     

华北地区跨断层垂直形变分区特征及其对块体划分的意义

对 70年代以来的华北地区跨断层形变测量资料进行了分区研究。按构造单元将华北地区的跨断层测量台站或测点分为五组 :山西带、郯庐带、阴山 -燕山带西段、阴山 -燕山带东段和首都圈。对 80项实测资料的计算结果表明 ,华北地区断层垂直活动平均年速率为 0 335mm/a ,但各分区之间的断层活动速率值相差很大。山西断陷带的断层形变速率最高 ,是华北地区最重要的活动块体边界 ;其它构造带的断层形变速率都比较低     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘中强地震序列类型及其活动特征

系统分析了鄂尔多斯块体周缘1970—2002年发生的27次5级左右地震序列的震级结构,这些地震序列可分为孤立型、主震型、震群型三种。结果表明,该区27次中强地震序列中,有22％为孤立型,14．8％为震群型,其余为主震型。在已选取的地震序列中,无前震以及有1次前震的比例为18．5％,有2次或2次以上的占81．5％。同时在鄂尔多斯块体西南边缘地震以孤立型为主,在鄂尔多斯块体北东东向的主压应力轴线上发生的地露名为需群珏!f。以卜结果可作为鄂尔多斯块体地区震后趋势判断的依据。     

一种基于GIS的气象要素空间插值方法

根据气候学方程建立的多元回归方法,在地理信息系统空间分析功能的支持下,实现了西藏拉萨地区气温、降水等气象要素的空间网格化。得出,上述方法对拉萨地区等山地地区气象要素的空间网格化方面是有效的手段,该方法对气温的空间插值精度优于降水。     

The eruptive history of the Mascota volcanic field,western Mexico: Age and volume constraints on the origin of andesite among a diverse suite of lamprophyric and calc-alkaline lavas

The Mascota volcanic field is located in the Jalisco Block of western Mexico, where the Rivera Plate subducts beneath the North American Plate. It spans an area of ∼ 2000 km² and contains ∼ 87 small cones and lava flows of minette, absarokite, basic hornblende lamprophyre, basaltic andesite, and andesite. There are no contemporary dacite or rhyolite lavas. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages are presented for 35 samples, which are combined with nine dates from the literature to document the eruptive history of this volcanic field. The oldest lavas (2.4 to 0.5 Ma) are found in the southern part of the field area, whereas the youngest lavas (predominantly < 0.5 Ma) are found in the northern portion. On the basis of these ages, field mapping, and the use of ortho aerial photographs and digital elevation models, it is estimated that a combined volume of 6.8 ± 3.1 km³ erupted in the last 2.4 Myr, which leads to an average eruption rate of ∼ 0.003 km³/kyr, and an average volume per eruptive unit of < 0.1 km³. The dominant lava type is andesite (2.1 ± 0.9 km³), followed by absarokite (1.6 ± 0.8 km³), basaltic andesite (1.2 ± 0.5 km³), basic hornblende lamprophyre (1.0 ± 0.4 km³), and minette (0.9 ± 0.5 km³). Thus, the medium-K andesite and basaltic andesite comprise approximately half (49%) of the erupted magma, with twice as much andesite as basaltic andesite, and they occur in close spatial and temporal association with the highly potassic, lamprophyric lavas. There is no time progression to the type of magma erupted. A wide variety of evidence indicate that the high-MgO (8–9 wt.% ) basaltic andesites (52–53% wt.% SiO₂) were formed by H₂O flux melting of the asthenopheric arc mantle wedge, whereas the mafic minettes and absarokites were formed by partial melting (induced by thermal erosion) of depleted lithospheric mantle containing phlogopite-bearing veins. There is only limited differentiation of the potassic magmas, with none more evolved than 55.4 wt.% SiO₂ and 4.4 wt.% MgO. This may be attributable to rapid crystallization of the mantle-derived melts in the deep crust, owing to their low volumes. Thus, the andesites (58–63 wt.% SiO₂) are notable for being both the most voluminous and the most evolved of all lava types in the Mascota volcanic field, which is not consistent with their extraction from extensively crystallized (60–70%), low-volume intrusions. Instead, the evidence supports the origin of the andesites by partial melting of amphibolitized, mafic lower crust, driven by the emplacement of the minettes, absarokites, and the high-Mg basaltic andesites.     

近50年拉萨日照时数的变化特征

采用气候倾向率方法对拉萨1953～2005年的年、季节日照时数变化趋势分析表明,近50年来拉萨年日照时数和各季节日照时数都存在不同程度的减少趋势,年日照时数以每10年27.6h倾向率减少,且这种减少的趋势在增大,主要表现在夏、秋季。20世纪50～80年代年日照时数均为正距平,90年代以负距平为其主要的年际变化特征;90年代夏季日照明显偏少,60年代冬季日照充足。年日照时数90年代末出现异常偏少年,夏季日照时数仅在2000年出现了异常偏少现象,而冬季日照时数多异常年份,主要发生在50年代。年平均总云量减少趋势明显,低云量下降趋势显著。     

Permian Fusuline Fauna from the Lower Part of the Lugu Formation in the Central Qiangtang Block and its Geological Implications

A Kubergandian （Kungurian） fusuline fauna from the lower part of the Lugu Formation in the Cuozheqiangma area,central Qiangtang Block is described.This fusuline fauna belongs to the Southern Transitional Zone in palaeobiogeography,and is characterised by the presence of the distinctive bi-temperate genus Monodiexodina and many genera common in lower latitude Tethyan areas such as Parafusulina and Pseudodoliolina.The occurrence of Monodiexodina in the fauna confirms that the seamount-type carbonates of the Lugu Formation did not originate from the Palaeotethys Ocean,but rather from a branch of the Neotethys Ocean after the rifting of the Qiangtang Block from the Tethys Himalaya area in the Artinskian.     

羌塘地块南部晚白垩世火山岩离子探针测年及其对红层时代的约束

羌塘地块南部广泛出露陆相红层,1:25万区域地质调查将大部分红层划归为中新统康托组,但缺乏可靠的年代学依据。野外观测发现火山岩与红层之间存在喷发不整合接触关系,室内从火山岩选出很多岩浆锆石;应用离子探针U-Pb同位素测年方法精确测定岩浆锆石年龄,能够为研究火山喷发期次和红层形成时代提供重要依据。对羌塘地块南部红层内部粗面安山岩夹层—比洛错火山岩和扎加藏布北侧红层上覆安山岩,挑选岩浆锆石进行高精度的离子探针U-Pb同位素测年,发现比洛错粗面安山岩锆石206Pb/238U同位素年龄为(83.3±1.3)Ma,扎加藏布北侧安山岩锆石206Pb/238U同位素年龄为(75.65±0.82)Ma。这些年龄良好地揭示了晚白垩世不同期次的火山喷发时代,同时为红层形成时代和红层盆地演化提供了重要的年代学约束。根据比洛错和扎加藏布北侧火山岩的锆石U-Pb同位素测年资料,将羌塘盆地南部红层时代归属上白垩统阿布山组,这对分析羌塘地块南部油气地质构造保存条件和构造地貌演化具有重要意义。     

Structural fabric evidence for indentation tectonics in the Nambucca Block,southern New England Fold Belt,New South Wales

Structural studies of Lower Permian sequences exposed on wave‐cut platforms within the Nambucca Block, indicate that one to two ductile and two to three brittle — ductile/brittle events are recorded in the lower grade (sub‐greenschist facies) rocks; evidence for four, possibly five, ductile and at least three brittle — ductile/brittle events occurs in the higher grade (greenschist facies) rocks. Veins formed prior to the second ductile event are present in some outcrops. Further, the studies reveal a change in fold style from west‐southwest‐trending, open, south‐southeast‐verging, inclined folds (F₁ ⁰) at Grassy Head in the south, to east‐northeast‐trending, recumbent, isoclinal folds (F₁ ⁰; F₂ ⁰) at Nambucca Heads to the north, suggesting that strain increases towards the Coffs Harbour Block. A solution cleavage formed during D₁ in the lower grade rocks and cleavages defined by neocrystalline white mica developed during D₁ and D₂ in the higher grade rocks. South‐ to south‐southwest‐directed tectonic transport and north‐south shortening operated during these earlier events. Subsequently, north‐northeast‐trending, open, upright F₃ ² folds and inclined, northwest‐verging, northeast‐trending F₄ ² folds developed with poorly to moderately developed axial planar, crenulation cleavage (S₃ and S₄) formed by solution transfer processes. These folds formed heterogeneously in S₂ throughout the higher grade areas. Later northeast‐southwest shortening resulted in the formation of en échelon vein arrays and kink bands in both the lower and higher grade rocks. Shortening changed to east‐northeast‐west‐southwest during later north‐northeast to northeast, dextral, strike‐slip faulting and then to approximately northwest‐southeast during the formation of east‐southeast to southeast‐trending, strike‐slip faults. Cessation of faulting occurred prior to the emplacement of Triassic (229 Ma) granitoids. On a regional scale, S₁ trends east‐west and dips moderately to the north in areas unaffected by later events. S₂ has a similar trend to S₁ in less‐deformed areas, but is refolded about east‐west axes during D₃. S₃ is folded about east‐west axes in the highest grade, multiply deformed central part of the Nambucca Block. The deformation and regional metamorphism in the Nambucca Block is believed to be the result of indenter tectonics, whereby south‐directed movement of the Coffs Harbour Block during oroclinal bending, sequentially produced the east‐west‐trending structures. The effects of the Coffs Harbour Block were greatest during D₁ and D₂.     

The Hawkesbury sandstone and the Brahmaputra: A depositional model for continental sheet sandstones

Bedding characteristics of the fluvial Hawkesbury Sandstone (Triassic) of the Sydney Basin are most readily explained in terms of a model of flood‐ and falling‐stage vertical accretion derived from Coleman's study of the Brahmaputra. This model suggests inadequacies in present concepts of ‘braided stream’ deposits based on observations made at low stage. A Brahmaputra model may be widely applicable to continental sheet sandstones.