水位自动记录仪及其在地下水位动态监测中的应用

水位自动记录仪是由澳大利亚开发的较为先进的水位自动记录仪器,应用于地下水位动态监测中,可以更为便捷获得地下水位动态、准确和实时数据,有较为广阔的应用前景。     

2007—2019年湖北省地闪分布特征及雷电强度等级划分

根据2007—2019年地闪监测资料,采用数理统计方法,分析湖北省闪电活动时空分布特征,融合地闪密度和雷电流强度,提出雷电强度的概念,并完成湖北省雷电强度等级划分。结果表明：湖北省以负极性闪电为主,占94.7%,平均正地闪强度为50.2 kA、负闪36.0 kA、总闪37.0 kA。闪电活动主要集中在全年的3—9月、全天的14—20时,闪电活动较弱的月份、时段发生正地闪的比例较高。正地闪强度月变化大致呈“V”型,总闪电和负地闪强度逐月波动变化。雷电流强度日变化主要呈单峰单谷型,正地闪强度09时最大,15时最小,总闪电和负地闪13—14时雷电流强度最小,05时最大。地闪密度和雷电流强度存在地域性差异,整体呈东高西低分布特征。湖北省雷电强度可划分为高、中、低3个等级,高值区主要位于湖北东部的大别山、幕阜山与江汉平原交汇地带以及湖北西部山区向江汉平原的过渡地带;湖北西南、湖北西北以及湖北个别边缘区域雷电强度等级较低;中值区主要分布在湖北中部平原一带。     

The Interface Configuration of the Fresh‐/Dead Sea Water – Theory and Measurements

The high‐density Dead Sea water (1.235 g/cm³) forms a special interface configuration with the fresh groundwater resources of its surrounding aquifers. The fresh groundwater column beneath its surroundings is around one tenth of its length compared to oceanic water. This fact alone indicates the vulnerability of the fresh groundwater resources to the impacts of changes in the Dead Sea level and to saltwater migration. Ghyben‐Herzberg and Glover equations were used to calculate the volumes of water in coastal aquifers which were replaced by freshwater due to the interface seaward migration as a result of the drop in the level of the Dead Sea. For that purpose, the dynamic equation of Glover approach has been integrated to accommodate that type of interface readjustment. The calculated amounts of freshwater which substituted salt Dead Sea water due to the migration of interface are 3.21 · 10¹¹ m³, from a Dead Sea level of –392 m to τ411 m below sea level. The average porosity of coastal aquifers was calculated to range from 2.8 to 2.94%. Geoelectric sounding measurements showed that areas underlying the coastal aquifers formerly occupied by the Dead Sea water are gradually becoming flushed and occupied by freshwater. The latter is becoming salinized due to the residuals of Dead Sea water in the aquifer matrix, the present salinity of which is lower than that of the Dead Sea water. At the same time salt dissolution from the Lisan Marl formation is causing collapses along the shorelines in the form of sinkholes, tens of meters in diameter and depth.     

大地水准面短议

介绍了大地水准面的定义,简单回顾了计算大地水准面研究的进展,扼要介绍了Stokes—Helmert方法,以及它对付不精确知道岩石密度的妙处,还评论了向下延拓的意义,最后展望了大地边值问题研究的前景.     

夏季珠江冲淡水扩散路径分析

利用1978~1988年国家海洋局南海分局南海北部断面调查获得的盐度资料,分析了珠江口附近海域盐度的时空分布特征,描述了夏季珠江冲淡水的扩散路径。通过统计分析相应时间段的风场、平均海平面高度、珠江径流以及陆地降水等资料,讨论了影响珠江冲淡水扩散的主要因子。我们发现:夏季珠江冲淡水扩散方向与南风强度(频率和平均风速)、近岸海面月平均高度以及径流强度的关系极为密切,如果西南季风强盛,珠江冲淡水向东扩散就多;如果近岸海面高度显著增高,珠江冲淡水向西流动就特别强。     

浙江沿岸海平面变化的初步研究

本文对浙江沿岸海平面变化研究中的若干问题进行了分析和讨论,结果表明:浙江沿岸海面形状较平坦。海平面变化呈上升趋势,在过去的30～33年间,用长涂、镇海和坎门站长期潮位资料分析,海平面年上升速率为2.3mm/a。预测今后几十年间浙江沿岸海平面处在一个上升时期。     

基于PDA的水准测量内外业一体化系统开发

水准测量是工程建设的重要内容之一,在电子水准仪尚未普及的情况下,光学水准仪在水准测量工作中仍占主导地位。随着PC1500、PC-E500、HP200等记录机型的淘汰,作者选用基于Windows Mobile技术的PDA作为记录器,以实现水准测量内外业一体化的目标,强调人性化和智能化程序设计。详述了基于PDA的外业数据子系统、内业数据预处理子系统及水准网平差子系统的开发目标和主要功能。     

Sea Surface Height Variability in the Indian Ocean from TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry and Model Simulations

Sea Surface Height (SSH) variability in the Indian Ocean during 1993-1995 is studied using TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimetry data. Strong interannual variability is seen in the surface circulation of the western Arabian Sea, especially in the Somali eddy structure. During the Southwest (SW) monsoon, a weak monsoon year is characterized by a single eddy system off Somalia, a strong or normal monsoon year by several energetic eddies. The Laccadive High (LH) and Laccadive Low (LL) systems off southwest India are observed in the altimetric SSH record. The variability of the East India Coastal Current (EICC), the western boundary current in the Bay of Bengal, is also detected. Evidence is found for the propagation of Kelvin and Rossby waves across the northern Indian Ocean; these are examined in the context of energy transfer to the western boundary currents, and associated eddies. A simple wind-driven isopycnal model having three active layers is implemented to simulate the seasonal changes of surface and subsurface circulation in the North Indian Ocean and to examine the response to different wind forcing. The wind forcing is derived from the ERS-1 scatterometer wind stress for the same period as the T/P altimeter data, enabling the model response in different (active/weak) monsoon conditions to be tested. The model output is derived in 10-day snapshots to match the time period of the T/P altimeter cycles. Complex Principal Component Analysis (CPCA) is applied to both altimetric and model SSH data. This confirms that long Rossby waves are excited by the remotely forced Kelvin waves off the southwest coast of India and contribute substantially to the variability of the seasonal circulation in the Arabian Sea.     

An Improved Calibration of Satellite Altimetric Heights Using Tide Gauge Sea Levels with Adjustment for Land Motion

Several major improvements to an existing method for calibrating satellite altimeters using tide gauge data are described. The calibration is in the sense of monitoring and correcting temporal drift in the altimetric time series, which is essential in efforts to use the altimetric data for especially demanding applications. Examples include the determination of the rate of change of global mean sea level and the study of the relatively subtle, but climatically important, decadal variations in basin scale sea levels. The improvements are to the method described by Mitchum (1998a), and the modifications are of two basic types. First, since the method depends on the cancellation of true ocean signals by differencing the altimetric data from the tide gauge sea level time series, improvements are made that produce a more complete removal of the ocean signals that comprise the noise for the altimetric drift estimation problem. Second, a major error source in the tide gauge data, namely land motion, is explicitly addressed and corrections are developed that incorporate space-based geodetic data (continuous GPS and DORIS measurements). The long-term solution, having such geodetic measurements available at all the tide gauges, is not yet a reality, so an interim solution is developed. The improved method is applied to the TOPEX altimetric data. The Side A data (August 1992?February 1999) are found to have a linear drift component of 0.55 + / 0.39 mm/yr, but there is also a significant quadratic component to the drift that is presently unexplained. The TOPEX Side B altimeter is estimated to be biased by 7.0 + / 0.7 mm relative to the Side A altimeter based on an analysis of the first 350 days of Side B data.