南岭离子吸附型稀土矿床成矿规律研究新进展

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国的优势资源,是全球重稀土的主要来源。20世纪80年代我国对此类矿床的成矿规律开展过大量研究,但仍有诸多未解之谜。为了解目前离子吸附型稀土资源的分布特征和成矿规律,2011~2015年中国地质科学院矿产资源所三稀项目组对52个离子吸附型稀土矿床进行了综合研究,本文介绍稀土成矿规律研究方面取得的一些新进展:(1)离子吸附型稀土矿床广泛分布在华南地区,以南岭最为发育,近些年在越南、老挝、泰国及美国也有发现。矿床主要产在花岗岩和酸性火山岩风化壳中,近几年也在变质岩和灰岩风化壳中有所发现,但花岗岩离子吸附型稀土矿床规模较大,品位较高,仍是最为重要的一类(亚类)稀土矿床;(2)成矿花岗岩的形成时代范围较宽,锆石U-Pb年龄集中在461~384Ma、228~242Ma和189~94Ma三个区间。相对于LREE型成矿花岗岩,HREE型更加富硅,富HREE,具有强烈的负Eu异常,普遍高Rb,低Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ba、Sr等微量元素,暗示HREE型成矿花岗岩岩浆经历了高度分异。值得注意的是,部分LREE型成矿花岗岩相对富集HREE,特别是富集Y,轻重稀土元素比值(LREE/HREE)多介于1~3之间,风化易形成HREE型风化壳,这很可能是今后重稀土资源的重要来源之一;(3)成矿花岗岩中稀土矿物的成因多样,有岩浆成因(如榍石、褐帘石、独居石、磷钇矿等)、流体交代成因(稀土氟碳酸盐类)和表生成因(水磷铈矿、水磷镧矿等),稀土元素的内生矿化很大程度上受流体交代作用影响;(4)发育完整的风化壳垂向剖面中稀土元素含量呈"弓背式"分布,即表土层和半风化层中含量低,全风化层中含量高,但受地形、地貌及地表水等因素的影响,稀土含量变化曲线呈多种形态。垂向上LREE和HREE可分层富集,即全风化层上部富集LREE,下部富集HREE,也可以同时富集在全风化层下部。华南大量成矿母岩和风化壳样品的化学风化蚀变指数(CIA)与稀土元素总量(∑REE)之间存在明显的相关性,当CIA85%时,CIA与∑REE呈正相关,当85%CIA100%时,CIA与∑REE呈负相关;(5)表生过程中,母岩中易风化的稀土矿物不断释放出可交换性吸附态的稀土元素,酸性淋滤作用是稀土元素迁移的动力,黏土矿物是稀土元素赋存的载体,风化程度影响稀土元素的次生富集。     

Environmental pollution impact on water and sediments of Kumaun lakes, Lesser Himalaya, India: a comparative study

A study of the water and sediment chemistry of the Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiyatal and Sattal Lakes of Kumaun, has shown that the water of these lakes are alkaline and that electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid and bicarbonate HCO ₃ ⁻ are much higher in Nainital than in the other three lakes. The weathering of limestone lithology and anthropogenic pollution, the latter due to the very high density of population in the Nainital valley, are the primary sources of enhanced parameters. The low pH of Nainital Lake water is due to low photosynthesis and enhanced respiration, increasing CO₂ in the water and the consequent enhancement of Ca²⁺ and HCO ₃ ⁻ . The dissolved oxygen in Nainital Lake is less compared to other lakes, indicating anoxic conditions developing at the mud–water interface at depth. The PO ₄ ³⁻ content in Nainital is higher (124 μg/l), showing an increasing trend over time leading to eutrophic conditions. The trace metals (Cu, Co, Zn, Ni, Mn, and Sr) are present in greater amounts in the water of Nainital Lake than in the other three lakes, though Fe and Cr are high in Bhimtal and Fe in Naukuchiyatal. The higher abundance is derived from the leaching of Fe–Mg from metavolcanic and metabasic rocks. Most of the heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Sr, and Zn) significantly enrich the suspended sediments of the lakes compared to the bed sediments which due to their adsorption on finer particles and owing to multiple hydroxide coating and organic content, except for Fe, which is enriched in the bed sediments. The high rate of sedimentation, 11.5 mm/year in Nainital, compared to Bhimtal with 4.70 mm/year, Naukuchiyatal with 3.72 mm/year, and Sattal with 2.99 mm/year, has resulted in shorter residence time, poor sorting of grains, and lesser adsorption of heavy metals, leading consequently, their depletion in the bed sediments of Nainital Lake.     

云南姚安铅银矿床假白榴石斑岩空间分布和组构特征

姚安铅银矿床位于金沙江-哀牢山断裂带东侧的富碱斑岩带内,主要发育正长斑岩、粗面岩、假白榴石斑岩、含斑正长细晶岩等一套杂岩体,其中正长斑岩为主要容矿围岩。通过野外地质勘查、显微镜鉴定、电子探针及X射线微区衍射分析,对假白榴石斑岩的空间分布、岩石矿物学特征进行了综合研究,结果表明,姚安铅银矿床假白榴石斑岩多以脉状、角砾状或呈小岩枝产出,出露在正长斑岩质火山角砾岩的外围,主要分布在角砾岩型铅银矿(化)体的南西侧、F4断裂的北东盘,在空间上与角砾岩筒及外围断裂有关;该矿床的假白榴石具两个世代,早期为灰绿色浑圆粒状假白榴石斑岩的假白榴石斑晶,富Al,晚期为灰-灰白色四角三八面体假白榴石斑岩的假白榴石斑晶,富Si、Na,二者均蚀变成钾长石、高岭石、石英等含水富硅矿物;姚安假白榴石斑岩形成于印度板块与欧亚大陆俯冲碰撞后的板内拉张环境;假白榴石斑岩形成晚于粗面岩、正长斑岩,早于含斑正长细晶岩;假白榴石斑岩与铅银矿(化)体无直接成因联系。     

Biostratigraphy,sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Tournaisian–Viséan transitional strata in South China (Guangxi)

The biostratigraphy and sedimentological evolution of the Tournaisian–Viséan (T–V) transitional strata in South China (Guangxi) have been investigated. The sediments were deposited on a carbonate platform and in slope and basinal environments. In the T–V transitional strata, six foraminiferal associations have been distinguished which allow correlation between the shallow and deep water deposits. A careful examination of the evolutionary stages of the foraminifer Eoparastaffella provides a more accurate criterion for the definition of the T–V boundary, but does not significantly modify the historical one. The distinction of two morphotypes is based on the elevation of the last whorl and the peripheral outline. Tournaisian specimens of Eoparastaffella have a well rounded periphery (morphotype 1) contrasting with the subangular periphery of younger Viséan specimens (morphotype 2). A coefficient can be deduced from simple biometric measurements for more precisely defining the T–V boundary. The sequence stratigraphy of the T–V strata in South China has been reconstructed by combining biostratigraphical and sedimentological data. It allowed the correlation of the T–V transitional strata between the platform area and the slope and basinal locations. Late Tournaisian strata were deposited during a highstand systems tract. Near the end of the Tournaisian, a major drop in relative sea-level led to the development of an unconformity in the platform area. Lowstand deposits formed during latest Tournaisian time in the basin where a detailed biostratigraphic framework has been devised. Sediments deposited during the ensuing transgressive systems tract overlie the late Tournaisian highstand sediments in the platform area and the latest Tournaisian lowstand deposits in the basin. A major drop in relative sea-level near the end of the Tournaisian has been recognized worldwide. Therefore, the possibility of using the sequence stratigraphy of the T–V strata in South China for worldwide correlations should be investigated. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Radiocarbon redating of contaminated samples from a tropical volcano: the Mansion ‘Series’ of St Kitts,West Indies

Heavy rainfall and dense vegetation on tropical volcanoes produce abundant carbonized wood in pyroclastic deposits, in addition to easy contamination of this wood by root systems and soluble humic material. Because the physical nature of the charcoal varies, some samples are more prone to contamination. Two independent studies of the same volcano, Mt Liamuiga on St Kitts in the Lesser Antilles, sometimes using samples from the same carbonized tree, yielded a systematic difference in radiocarbon ages. An exchange of samples and a re-investigation of three physically distinct types of charcoal yielded the following results. Rare, hard, dense charcoal, lacking contamination, which had yielded a spurious age of 2860 years bp, was redated at 1845±58 years bp. Common soft, friable charcoal with good cellular structure proved to be susceptible to contamination. A field decontamination technique utilized by one group seems significant as it yields older ages than when only routine laboratory pre-treatment was used, indicating that the latter technique only partly removes the dried and hard residue produced by the decomposition of modern plant rootlets. A previous date of 24870 years bp obtained from powdery charcoal in a horizon beneath the Mansion Series contradicted ages older than 41000 years bp from common friable charcoal in the lower Mansion Series. The soft powdery charcoal was re-investigated using a sample collected a few centimeters from the original, although field decontamination of this sample was not possible, more extensive laboratory treatment yielded an age of ca. 43000 years bp, again proving that routine laboratory pretreatments are inadequate. A revised geochronology for the Mansion Series is described and a cautionary discussion is presented for the benefit of investigators using radiocarbon ages to date volcanic deposits.     

Evaluation of urban underground space resources using a negative list method: Taking Xi’an City as an example in China

Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources, and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city. It is also very important to improve the city environment, build livable city and increase the capacity of the city. Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems, a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed, to be primarily used in urban planning stages. A list of the adverse factors is established, including limiting factors, constraining factors and influencing factors. Taking Xi’an as an example, using a geographical information system platform, a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi’ an City are evaluated, and preventive measures are proposed. Natural resources, exploitable resources, and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated. Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city, collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources, environmental impact and assessment, as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.     

永安盆地晚古生代—中—新生代沉积构造环境演化特征

永安盆地发育在前泥盆纪基底之上,位于华夏块体南缘,沿NE向政和—大埔断裂带展布。利用层序地层学方法,辅之以野外调查,研究了永安盆地的地层序列和岩石组合：① 对晚古生代至早三叠世地层格架及柱状剖面的分析表明,伴随海平面的升降,海相沉积序列具有阶段性,不同沉积相在盆地东、中、西区段分布不均,盆地沉积沉降中心大致位于龙岩和梅县地区;② 对横贯盆区的地质剖面及盆内辅助剖面的研究表明,中—新生代,盆内以断块作用为主,改造了晚古生代地层,代之以断褶复合地层;③ 有机碳质层为盆地的海陆变迁作了时域界定,并且其赋存部位和形态也在空间上表征了盆地构造演化的力学机制。通过分析构造事件、古地理及物源区、深部构造、边界构造等盆地要素,研究了盆地的沉积构造环境演化及其应力机制,结果表明：① 晚古生代,海进海退的快慢受控于不同时期构造事件的强弱变化,由此产生的沿岸隆起区的剥蚀以及拉张背景的山体风化剥蚀为盆地提供了物源,存在北、南两个物源区;中—新生代,盆地总体为火山活动背景下的山前及河湖相沉积环境。② 盆地具有隆起—伸展构造发育的特点,主要经历了华力西期海陆交互相巨厚沉积阶段,印支期稳定的台地向活动大陆边缘转变阶段并伴随挤压隆升,以及印支期后中—新生代由挤压向拉张机制转换的构造改造阶段。以上认识为中国东南部盆地的薄弱基础研究提供了新的基础参考信息。     

On the hydraulic intake shape factor for a circular opening located at an impervious boundary: Influence of inclined stratification

In this paper, we develop an exact closed form solution for a circular entry point located at the interface between an impermeable material and a stratified porous medium, where the principal plane of hydraulic isotropy is inclined to the interface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陕西镇安县桂林沟钼矿成矿特征及成矿要素分析

潼关—柞水—宁陕区域性北东向构造岩浆岩带控制了矿区岩浆岩体、矿区构造和钼矿化带的产出及其规模,矿区次级断裂构造为成矿物质聚集提供了有利的储存空间,中酸性岩浆活动及其热液蚀变控制了成矿物质的迁移、富集.区域性北东向构造岩浆岩带具有良好的找矿前景,应引起相关矿产勘查工作的高度重视.     

The ecological-geological system,its types and position in the structure of an ecosystem

An ecologic-geological system presents a certain volume of the lithosphere with biota, including humans and the social media functioning in it and on its surface. This system is considered as the study subject of ecological geology. In all, four types of ecological-geological systems have been distinguished and characterized: a natural real system, natural ideal system, natural-technical ideal system, and natural-technical real system. The position of an ecological-geological system in the structure of an ecosystem is shown.