What do fault patterns reveal about the latest phase of extension within the Northern Snake Range metamorphic core complex,Nevada, USA?

The Northern Snake Range is a classic example of a metamorphic core complex, Basin-and-Range province, United States. It is composed of a plastically deformed footwall and a brittlely deformed hanging wall, separated by the Northern Snake Range low-angle detachment (NSRD). Brittle deformation, however, is not confined to the hanging wall.This paper focuses on exposures in Cove Canyon, located on the SE flank of the Northern Snake Range, where penetrative, homogeneous faults are well exposed throughout the hanging wall, footwall and NSRD, and overprint early plastic deformation. These late-stage fault sets assisted Eocene-Miocene extension. Detailed analysis of the faults reveals the following: (1) The shortening direction defined by faults is similar to the shortening direction defined by the stretching lineation in the footwall mylonites, indicating that the extensional kinematic history remained unchanged as the rocks were uplifted into the elastico-frictional regime. (2) After ∼17 Ma, extension may have continued entirely within elastic-frictional regime via cataclastic flow. (3) This latest deformation phase may have been accommodated by a single, continuous event. (3) Faults within NSRD boudins indicate that deformation within the detachment zone was non-coaxial during the latest phase of extension.     

小兴安岭“晚古生代”地层的时代与物源：地质与碎屑锆石 U-Pb 年代学证据

本文对出露于小兴安岭的"晚古生代"红山组和黑龙宫组进行了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,旨在准确限定红山组和黑龙宫组的沉积时限,并揭示其物源组成。样品中大多数锆石呈自形—半自形,显示典型的岩浆生长环带或条痕状吸收,暗示其岩浆成因。研究结果显示,采自红山组标准剖面泥板岩中的碎屑锆石42个分析点产生以下年龄峰值:747、807、849、903、956、1 167和1 811 Ma,表明红山组沉积于747 Ma之后;采自伊春地区黑龙宫组泥板岩中的碎屑锆石97个分析点产生以下年龄峰值:700(发生Pb丢失)、805、902、1 764、2 446和2 467Ma,确定黑龙宫组沉积于805Ma之后。近年来在该地区"晚古生代"地层中碎屑锆石的定年结果显示普遍存在561 Ma年龄,鉴于红山组和黑龙宫组中缺乏上述锆石年龄组合,认为研究区的红山组和黑龙宫组的形成时代分别为747~561 Ma和805~561 Ma,时代置于新元古代。基于两组碎屑锆石的年龄频数和区域地质年代学资料的对比分析,两个地层单元中出现大量新元古代岩浆锆石,证明研究区可能存在新元古代岩浆事件,岩浆产物为两组地层提供物源;而中—古元古代碎屑锆石的存在,同时暗示该区沉积时地表或地表浅部应存在更为古老的前寒武纪残片。     

内蒙古大兴安岭地区火山岩型铅锌矿矿产预测

内蒙古自治区已发现的火山岩型铅锌矿(陆相)规模较大,集中分布于大兴安岭地区,与中晚侏罗世火山活动联系密切,已知矿床的深部及外围找矿潜力巨大。依据前人的地质、矿产、物探、化探等资料,采用"火山岩型"预测方法类型,分别以比利亚谷铅锌矿、甲乌拉铅锌矿和扎木钦铅锌矿作为典型矿床,在全区选取比利亚谷、甲乌拉和扎木钦3个预测工作区进行矿产预测。圈定铅锌矿最小预测区109个,其中A级最小预测区18个,B级最小预测区37个,C级最小预测区54个。预测334-1级别Pb+Zn总资源量1732548t,334-2级别Pb+Zn总资源量588930t,334-3级别Pb+Zn总资源量4608682t。可利用的Pb+Zn总资源量为3179267t。反映内蒙古大兴安岭地区中生代火山岩型铅锌矿(陆相)找矿潜力较大。     

Properties of fluids attending variable recrystallization of quartzite during contact metamorphism in the White‐Inyo Range,California

Fluid inclusions in the metamorphic aureole of the Eureka Valley‐Joshua Flat‐Beer Creek (EJB) pluton in the White‐Inyo Range, California, reveal the compositions and origin of fluids that were present during variable recrystallization of quartzite with sedimentary grain shapes to metaquartzite with granoblastic texture. Metamorphosed sedimentary formations, including quartzites, marbles, calcsilicates and schists, became ductile and strongly attenuated in the aureole during growth of the magma chamber. The microstructures of quartzites have an unusual distribution in that within ~250 m from the pluton, where temperatures exceeded 650 °C, they exhibit relict sedimentary grain shapes, only small amount of grain boundary migration (GBM), and crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) dominated by <a> slip. At distances >250 m, quartzites were completely recrystallized by GBM and CPOs are indicative of prism [c] slip, characteristics that are typically associated with H₂O‐assisted, high‐T recrystallization. The lack of extensive GBM in the inner aureole can be attributed to rapid replacement of H₂O by CO₂ produced by reaction of quartz grains with calcite cement that also produced interstitial wollastonite. Fluid inclusions in the inner aureole generally occur in margins of quartz grains and are either wholly aqueous (Type 1) or also contain H₂S, CO₂ and CH₄ (Type 2). Type 2 inclusions occur only in some stratigraphic layers. In both inclusion types, NaCl and CaCl₂, in variable proportions, dominate the solutes in the aqueous phase, whereas FeCl₂ and KCl are less abundant solutes. The solutes indicate attainment of a degree of equilibrium with carbonates and schists that are interbedded with the quartzites. Some Types 1 and 2 inclusions in the inner aureole show evidence of decrepitation due to high amounts of strain and/or heating suffered by the host rocks, which suggests that they represent pore fluids that existed in the rocks prior to contact metamorphism. In addition to Type 1 inclusions, outer aureole quartzites also contain inclusions that contain CO₂ vapour bubbles in addition to aqueous phase (Type 3). These inclusions only occur in interiors of granoblastic quartz that was produced by large amounts of GBM. The aqueous phase has identical ranges of first melting and final ice melting temperatures as Type 1 inclusions, suggesting that they have the same solute compositions. These inclusions are thought to represent the interstitial pore H₂O that promoted recrystallization of quartz and reacted with graphite to produce CO₂. Absence of significant amounts of CH₄ in Type 3 inclusions is attributed to elevated fO₂ that was buffered by mineral assemblages in interbedded schists. As opposed to the large amount of CO₂ that was produced by the wollastonite‐forming reaction in the inner aureole to inhibit GBM, the amount of CO₂ produced in the outer aureole by reaction between H₂O and graphite was apparently insufficient to inhibit recrystallization of quartz.     

Acraman – Bunyeroo impact event (Ediacaran), South Australia,and environmental consequences: twenty-five years on

Multidisciplinary research during the past 25 years has established that the Acraman impact structure in the 1.59 Ga Gawler Range Volcanics on the Gawler Craton, and an ejecta horizon found 240?–?540 km from Acraman in the ??580 Ma Bunyeroo Formation in the Adelaide Fold Belt and Dey Dey Mudstone in the Officer Basin, record a Late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) event of major environmental importance. Research since 1995 has verified Acraman as a complex impact structure that has undergone as much as 3?–?5 km of denudation and which originally had a transient cavity up to 40 km in diameter and a final structural rim possibly 85?–?90 km in diameter. The estimated impact energy of 5.2?×?10⁶ Mt (TNT) for Acraman exceeds the threshold of 10⁶ Mt nominally set for global catastrophe, and the impact probably caused a severe perturbation of the Ediacaran environment. The occurrence of the impact at a low palaeolatitude (12.5 +?7.1/???6.1°) may have magnified the environmental effects by perturbing the atmosphere in both hemispheres. These findings are consistent with independent data from the Ediacaran palynology of Australia and from isotope and biomarker chemostratigraphy that the Acraman impact induced major biotic change. Future research should seek geological, isotopic and biological imprints of the Acraman?–?Bunyeroo impact event across Australia and on other continents.     

Conductively driven,high‐thermal gradient metamorphism in the Anmatjira Range,Arunta region,central Australia

LA–ICP–MS in situ U–Pb monazite geochronology and P–T pseudosections are combined to evaluate the timing and physical conditions of metamorphism in the SE Anmatjira Range in the Aileron Province, central Australia. All samples show age peaks at c. 1580–1555 Ma, with three of five samples showing additional discrete age peaks between c. 1700 and 1630 Ma. P–T phase diagrams calculated for garnet–sillimanite–cordierite–K‐feldspar–ilmenite–melt bearing metapelitic rocks have overlapping peak mineral assemblage stability fields at ~870–920 °C and ~6.5–7.2 kbar. P–T modelling of a fine‐grained spinel–cordierite–garnet–biotite reaction microstructure suggests retrograde P–T conditions evolved down pressure and temperature to ~3–5.5 kbar and ~610–850 °C. The combined geochronological and P–T results indicate the SE Anmatjira Range underwent high‐temperature, low‐pressure metamorphism at c. 1580–1555 Ma, and followed an apparently clockwise retrograde path. The high apparent thermal gradient necessary to produce the estimated P–T conditions does not appear to reflect decompression of high‐P assemblages, nor is there syn‐metamorphic magmatism or structural evidence for extension. Similar to previous workers, we suggest the high‐thermal gradient P–T conditions could have been achieved by heating, largely driven by high heat production from older granites in the region.     

论岩浆热液矿床的成矿期——以南岭地区燕山期钨矿为例

中国岩浆热液型钨矿主要赋存在南岭地区的燕山期花岗岩体内部或周围。目前,尚无法精准地测定此类钨矿的成矿年龄,统计上,得出了两期钨成矿作用：150?160 Ma（主成矿期）和130?140 Ma（次成矿期）,然而,这困扰了对南岭钨矿成矿作用及其与花岗岩关系的理解。本文将综合分析各种最新资料,对成矿母岩、深部岩浆房和成矿机制开展系统的讨论,从而针对南岭钨矿的成矿模式给出明确的判断：（1）燕山早期呈岩基、岩株状的黑云母二长花岗岩不是南岭钨矿的成矿母岩,150?160 Ma的年龄值不是钨成矿作用的年龄值;（2）燕山晚期呈岩株、岩瘤、岩脉状的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩是潜在的钨源载体,但其体积太小,也无法满足成矿母岩要求;（3）当组合燕山早期主体花岗岩（黑云母二长花岗岩）、燕山晚期补体花岗岩（二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩）和燕山晚期钨矿三者为一体时,一种新颖的成矿模式被构建起来：一个长期存活的深部岩浆房可以分异出富含成矿物质的残余岩浆;当这种岩浆沿着张性断裂快速侵位时,将发生流体–熔体之间的溶离作用,碱性硅质流体形成含黑钨矿的石英脉,而强硅铝质熔体固结为二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩;（4）130?140 Ma的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩与黑钨矿石英脉是一对同源分体,两者的同步出现充分展示了成矿物质“源–运–储”的完整过程。该认识不仅可以合理地解释与岩浆热液矿床有关的多种地质现象（如“小岩体成大矿”）,而且更新了岩浆热液成矿作用理论,更加重要的是为找矿勘探提供了确切的指导方向。     

加拿大纽芬兰岛Indian Head Range地块格林威尔期二长花岗岩年龄、Nd-Hf同位素特征——块体属性与演化新证据

加拿大阿巴拉契亚造山带纽芬兰岛Humber带基底地块属性及地壳生长演化是近年来关注的科学问题,尤其是岛内西南部的Indian Head Range地块,其年龄组成与同位素特征研究对区域基底构造属性划分与对比至关重要。本文对Indian Head Range地块内的二长花岗岩岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年,得到其²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄值为1 149±4 Ma,代表该岩体的侵位年龄。这一定年结果表明该岩体具有中元古代晚期的年龄,为该地块格林威尔期岩浆事件的存在提供了新的年龄证据。Nd-Hf同位素分析结果显示,该二长花岗岩岩体εNd值为-2.3,εHf值介于+1.93～+3.65之间,两阶段Hf模式年龄介于1.84～1.73 Ga之间。结合前人研究,我们认为Humber带内各地块发育约1.5 Ga、1.15 Ga和1.0 Ga的3期花岗质岩浆事件,它们具有相似的Hf模式年龄值,暗示它们均来源于古元古代新生地壳物质的再造。带内格林威尔基底地块均为原地基底,且与劳伦大陆远端东部边缘具有一致的岩浆-构造演化史。以上研究对Humber带内格林威尔基底...     

大兴安岭北段富克山岩浆弧的组成:对蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋南向俯冲的制约

富克山岩浆弧呈北东向分布于大兴安岭北段富克山—古莲河一带,其物质组成、形成时代及其空间展布规律对于研究蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋晚三叠世地质构造演化具有重要意义。本文对其内的辉长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长岩进行了岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb定年分析研究,探讨大兴安岭北段晚三叠世时期的构造背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得辉长岩、花岗闪长岩的结晶年龄分别为(205.7±2.2) Ma、(203.2±2.5) Ma,反映了晚三叠世的构造岩浆事件。岩石学和地球化学研究表明,辉长岩、闪长岩具有富钠、高铝、高钙、高镁、高Mg^#值、低钛等特征,属于拉斑系列与钙碱性过渡系列岩石,无明显的Eu负异常,相对富集LILE和LREE,亏损HFSE。花岗闪长岩具有高硅、富钠、高铝、低镁等特征,属于钙碱性系列岩石,高Sr,低Y、Yb,无明显的Eu负异常,显示了O型埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征。富克山岩浆弧的空间展布,具有由北向南的分布规律,指示了蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋具有往南的俯冲极性。     

Middle Permian Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate System on the Northwestern Margin of the Indian Plate, Pakistan: Implications for Paleoclimate and Carbonate Platform Evolution

A mixed siliciclastic-carbonate system that responds to changes in Permian climate and subsequent carbonate platform evolution is investigated using microscopic details of the Middle Permian Amb Formation(Fm.),in Saiyiduwali section,Khisor Range,northern Pakistan.Thin sections were made from rocks throughout the stratigraphic section of the Amb Fm.and analyzed with an emphasis on carbonate and clastic microfacies,and the latter interpreted within the existing chronostratigraphic framework.Outcrop observations reveal that the units comprise coarse-grained,channelized,ripplemarked,and burrowed sandstone and sandy,fossiliferous limestone with minor marls and shale intercalations,suggesting deposition in a subaqueous tide-dominated delta to beach barrier.Based on the determined seven microfacies coupled with outcrop observation,the Amb Fm.was deposited in a tide-influenced subaqueous delta to middle shelf environment under fluctuating sea level.The deposition of compositionally mature sandstone in the lower part of the formation suggests reworking of detritus from the rift shoulders and an adjacent source area with an ambient warm and humid climate.The stratal mixing of carbonates and compositionally mature siliciclastic units in the middle part suggest deposition under tectonic and climate-induced terrigenous and carbonate fluxes to the basin.Thus the deposition shows a perfect transition from clastic-dominated deltaic to pure carbonate platform settings as a result of warm climate and tectonics.This Middle Permian warming is confirmed by sea-level rise and the presence of a temperature-sensitive fusulinid fauna in association with photozoan-based ooids.Deposition of the Amb Fm.and establishment of a carbonate platform are envisaged to be associated with major rifting of northern Gondwana,which subsequently resulted in the development of a rift basin at the passive margin of the NW Indian Plate then in northern Pakistan.