近期气候变暖念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川处于退缩状态

1999和2003年在念青唐古拉山冰川考察期间,采用GPS对拉弄冰川末端位置进行了测量,并将将测量结果与1970年航摄冰川末端位置进行对比分析.结果表明:1970-1999年拉弄冰川末端退缩了285m,平均年退缩量9.8m;1999-2003年拉弄冰川退缩13m,平均年退缩量3.25m.由于冰川对气候的响应有一定滞后性,近年来气候持续变暖将使拉弄冰川继续保持退缩状态.     

Petrogenesis and geodynamic significance of the Ganhe Formation lavas,eastern Great Xing'an Range,China: Evidence from geochemistry and geochronology

Mesozoic volcanic rocks are widespread throughout the Great Xing'an Range of northeastern China. However, there has been limited investigation into the age and petrogenesis of the Mesozoic volcanics in the eastern Great Xing'an Range. According to our research, the volcanic rocks of the Dayangshu Basin, eastern Great Xing'an Range are composed mainly of trachybasalt, basaltic andesite, and basaltic trachyandesite, with minor intermediate–basic pyroclastic rocks. In this study, the geochemistry and geochronology of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks are presented in order to discuss the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Ganhe Formation in the Dayangshu Basin. Zircon U–Pb dating by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry indicates that the Mesozoic lavas formed during the late Early Cretaceous (114.3–108.8 Ma). This suite of rocks exhibits a range of geochemical signatures indicating subduction‐related genesis, including: (i) calc‐alkaline to high‐K calc‐alkaline major element compositions; (ii) enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (e.g. Rb, Ba, K) and light rare earth elements (LREEs/HREEs =7.33–9.85); and (iii) weak depletion in high field strength elements (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti). Furthermore, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data yield initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of 0.70450–0.70463, positive ε_Nd(t) values of +1.8 to +3.3, and a mantle‐derived lead isotope composition. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution, the results of this study suggest that the Ganhe Group lavas are derived from decompression melting of a metasomatized (enriched) lithospheric mantle, related to asthenospheric upwelling, which resulted from lithospheric mantle delamination and produced extension of the continental margin following the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate.     

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Integration of Range Split Spectrum Interferometry and conventional InSAR to monitor large gradient surface displacements

Incorrect unwrapping of dense interferometric fringes caused by large gradient displacements make it difficult to measure mining subsidence using conventional Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). This paper presents a Range Split Spectrum Interferometry assisted Phase Unwrapping (R-SSIaPU) method for the first time. The R-SSIaPU method takes advantage of (i) the capability of Range Split Spectrum Interferometry of measuring surface displacements with large spatial gradients, and (ii) the capability of conventional InSAR of being sensitive to surface displacements with limited spatial gradients. Both simulated and real experiments show that the R-SSIaPU method can monitor large gradient mining-induced surface movements with high precision. In the case of the Tangjiahui mine, the R-SSIaPU method agreed with GPS with differences of approximately 4.2 cm, whilst conventional InSAR deviated from GPS with differences of nearly 1 m. The R-SSIaPU method makes phase unwrapping less challenge, especially in the cases with large surface displacements. In addition to mining subsidence, it is believed that the R-SSIaPU method can be used to monitor surface displacements caused by landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and glacier movements.     

念青唐古拉花岗岩热演化历史和山脉隆升过程的热年代学分析

念青唐古拉山是青藏高原内部的重要山脉,主体由黑云母二长花岗岩组成,岩体内部发育不同类型的变质岩包体如Lgn、Ygn片麻岩和元古代（Pt）变质岩,岩体东西两侧发育伸展型韧性剪切带。对念青唐古拉黑云母二长花岗岩进行矿物对热年代学分析,良好地揭示了岩浆热演化历史和山脉隆升过程。通过单颗粒锆石离子探针测年,发现65．0～55．0Ma发生早期岩浆侵位事件,形成Lgn、Ygn花岗片麻岩包体;在18．3～11．1Ma期间,在约11km深度的Lgn、Ygn下方发生大规模岩浆侵位和结晶成岩事件,形成念青唐古拉黑云母二长花岗岩（NG）。在11．1～9．3Ma期间,念青唐古拉花岗岩发生快速冷却和隆升过程,平均降温速度约222．2℃／Ma,对应的平均差异隆升速率为5．56mm／a;在9．3～8．6Ma期间,念青唐古拉花岗岩继续发生差异隆升和快速降温,平均降温速率为142．8℃／Ma,对应的差异隆升速率为3．57mm／a;在8．0～5．0Ma期间,念青唐古拉山区发生伸展型韧性剪切变形,导致念青唐古拉花岗岩快速隆升,平均差异隆升速率为3．50mm／a;在5．0～3．7Ma期间,念青唐古拉花岗岩继续发生构造隆升,平均降温速率约92．3℃／Ma,对应的平均差异隆升速率为2．31mm／a。自3．7Ma以来念青唐古拉花岗岩平均降温速度达27．0℃／Ma,平均抬升速度达0．68mm／a。念青唐古拉岩浆集聚、NG花岗岩侵位与INDEPTH-Ⅱ地震深反射亮点揭示的地壳局部熔融存在动力学成因联系,导致上地壳伸展构造变形、NG花岗岩缓慢冷却和念青唐古拉山脉快速隆升。     

乌鲁木齐国际机场“持续双低浓雾”天气特征分析

对影响乌鲁木齐国际机场运行的"持续双低浓雾"的天气标准进行了定义,选取了2014—2017年47个个例作为研究对象,使用天气学和统计学分析方法,从气候背景、环流形势、时间特征、地面气象要素特征进行分析,结果表明:(1)持续双低浓雾主要出现在冬季11月—次年3月,12月发生频率最高,占比约42.6%,其频繁出现与冬季气温偏高有关,一般乌鲁木齐先期有降水或地面有积雪。(2)主导能见度和跑道视程(RVR)的高频区间有显著差别,分别为50～100 m和200～300 m区间,频数分布为40%和26.4%。(3)高空环流形势以高压脊控制类型最多,占46.8%,西风波动型次之,占38.3%,高压脊前型最少,占14.9%。地面形势以蒙古冷高后部型为主,北疆沿天山多为均压或弱气压场;(4)多在夜间—上午出现,在中午—下午结束,持续时间均在24 h内。(5)持续双低浓雾容易出现在气温-5～-15℃、相对湿度≥85%、温度露点差≤2℃、0～1 m/s的风向不定或静风条件下。(6)局地风向与雾的生消维持有密切关联,偏北风有利于雾的出现和维持,东南风常使雾消散。     

GFS物理过程包在GRAPES区域模式中的实施及改进:单柱试验

将NCEP的中期全球预报系统（GFS）整套物理过程包引入GRAPES区域模式,并利用美国ARM计划（Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program）南部大平原外场1997年夏加强观测资料,对GRAPES模式中原有物理过程和GFS物理过程进行了单柱试验的测试和比较,评估了两组物理过程的模拟性能。单柱试验结果表明GFS试验模拟的位温和水汽混合比演变更为准确;到地短波和长波辐射的误差更小;其模拟的地面向上潜热通量与观测更为接近,而原物理过程试验的感热偏大;GFS试验对2 m气温最高和最低值的模拟也比原有物理过程更接近观测。进一步分析降水的模拟发现,两组物理过程对强降水过程均有很好的预报能力,但对中等强度降水存在漏报或者发生时间偏晚的倾向,此外还存在对小雨的空报。在3个降水事件的模拟中,GFS试验模拟的降水误差小于原物理过程试验。最后还对两组试验中明显的降水过程漏报和降水延迟进行了分析,对GFS物理过程包中对流参数化的对流触发方式的修改,可改进此次降水的模拟,进而通过更准确的反馈过程,改善对大尺度场的模拟。     

利用接收函数方位变化研究太行山区地壳各向异性

探讨了利用接收函数方位变化研究各向异性复杂地区速度结构的可能性. 详细介绍了具有任意对称轴方向的横向各向同性系统中介质响应的计算过程,并将利用接收函数方位变化研究地壳各向异性的方法应用于华北太行山地区. 结果表明,研究台站下方地壳具有明显的各向异性特征,其中地表盖层表现为8％——15％的慢轴型各向异性;深部地壳各向异性略小,表现为3％——5％的快轴型各向异性特征. 不同台站获得的各向异性对称轴的方向及深度分布不具有明显的一致性. 区域构造环境的变化可能是导致地壳各向异性存在的原因.      

南岭中段大东山花岗岩体的地球化学特征和成因

大东山岩体位于广东、湖南交界处,是南岭中段一个大岩基,出露面积约2250km2,由两阶段侵入体构成,主侵入阶段岩体的单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为(155.9±1.1)Ma,岩性主要为黑云母二长花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩,ISr值为0.71143～0.71575,εNd(t)值为-10.98～-10.50,t2DM为1.80Ga和1.84Ga,成岩物质源自古-中元古代地壳。岩体富K和Si,其氧化物平均值分别为4.97%和76.35%;贫Ti、Mg、Fe和Ca,氧化物平均值分别为0.16%、0.13%,1.18%和0.63%,属高钾钙碱性系列。主体和补体岩石在化学成分上具有分离结晶演化关系。产出于岩石圈伸展拉张环境。     

大兴安岭西缘玛尼吐组火山岩成因及构造指示

我国东北地区分布有大量中生代(侏罗纪至白垩纪)火山岩。选取大兴安岭西缘玛尼吐组粗安岩-粗面英安岩-流纹岩为研究对象,研究结果显示它们为高钾钙碱性的火山岩,主量、微量元素含量变化较大,SiO2含量为5671%~7185%,Na2O+K2O含量为592%~1018%,Na2O/K2O比值较高,为078~133,Mg#为306~564。玛尼吐组火山岩的稀土元素配分图和微量元素蛛网图右倾明显,可见明显的Nb、Ta、Ti、Sr和Eu负异常(Nb*=017~071,Sr*=024~115,Eu*=049~077)。稀土总量较高,为200×10-6~949×10-6。结果分析可知,玛尼吐组火山岩源岩与霍林河火山岩源岩相似,均为混合了少量先存古老地壳的新生基性下地壳。新生基性下地壳部分熔融形成安山质岩浆,并经角闪石+斜长石+钾长石+磷灰石+钛磁铁矿等的分离结晶形成了玛尼吐组粗安岩-粗面英安岩-流纹岩。玛尼吐组火山岩显著的岛弧地球化学特征说明其形成于与太平洋俯冲有关的岛弧环境。