The influence of lithology on surface water sources

Understanding the temporal and spatial variability of water sources within a basin is vital to our ability to interpret hydrologic controls on biogeochemical processes and to manage water resources. Water stable isotopes can be used as a tool to determine geographic and seasonal sources of water at the basin scale. Previous studies in the Coastal Range of Oregon reported that the variation in the isotopic signatures of surface water did not conform to the commonly observed “elevation effect,” which exhibits a trend of increasing isotopic depletion with rising elevation. The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the mechanisms governing seasonal and spatial variations in the isotopic signature of surface waters within the Marys River Basin, located in the leeward side of the Oregon Coastal Range. Surface water and precipitation samples were collected every 2–3 weeks for isotopic analysis for 1 year. Our results confirmed the lack of elevational variation of surface water isotopes within this leeward basin. Although we find elevational variation in precipitation in the eastern portion of the watershed, this elevation effect is counteracted by rainout with distance from the Pacific coast. In addition, we found significant variation in surface water isotope values between catchments underlain predominantly by basalt or sandstone. The degree of separation was strongest during the summer when low flows reflect deeper groundwater sources. This indicates that baseflow within streams drained by each lithology is being supplied from two distinctly separate water sources. In addition, the flow of the Marys River is dominated by water originating from the sandstone water source, particularly during the low‐flow summer months. We interpreted that the difference in water source results from sandstone catchments having highly fractured geology or locally tipping to the east facilitating cross‐basin water exchange from the windward to the leeward side of the Coast Range. Our results challenge topographic derived watershed boundaries in permeable sedimentary rocks; highlighting the overwhelming importance of underlying geology.     

Multiple growth of garnet,sillimanite/kyanite and monazite during amphibolite facies metamorphism: implications for the P–T–t and tectonic evolution of the western Altai Range,Mongolia

Four amphibolite facies pelitic gneisses from the western Mongolian Altai Range exhibit multistage aluminosilicate formation and various chemical‐zoning patterns in garnet. Two of them contain kyanite in the matrix and sillimanite inclusions in garnet, and the others have kyanite inclusions in garnet with sillimanite or kyanite in the matrix. The Ca‐zoning patterns of the garnet are different in each rock type. U–Th–Pb monazite geochronology revealed that all rock units experienced a c. 360 Ma event, and three of them were also affected by a c. 260 Ma event. The variations in the microstructures and garnet‐zoning profiles are caused by the differences in the (i) whole‐rock chemistry, (ii) pressure conditions during garnet growth at c. 360 Ma and (iii) equilibrium temperatures at c. 260 Ma. The garnet with sillimanite inclusions records an increase in pressure at low‐P (~5.2–7.2 kbar) and moderate temperature conditions (~620–660 °C) at c. 360 Ma. The garnet with kyanite inclusions in the other rock types was also formed during an increase in pressure but at higher pressure conditions (~7.0–8.9 kbar at ~600–640 °C). The detrital zircon provenance of all the rock types is similar and is consistent with that from the sedimentary rocks in the Altai Range, suggesting that the provenance of all the rock types was a surrounding accretionary wedge. One possible scenario for the different thermal gradient is Devonian ridge subduction beneath the Altai Range, as proposed by several researchers. The subducting ridge could have supplied heat to the accretionary wedge and elevated the geotherm at c. 360 Ma. The differences in the thermal gradients that resulted in varying prograde P–T paths might be due to variations in the thermal regimes in the upper plate that were generated by the subducting ridge. The c. 260 Ma event is characterized by a relatively high‐T/P gradient (~25 °C km^?1) and may be due to collision‐related granitic activity and re‐equilibrium at middle crustal depths, which caused the variations in the aluminosilicates in the matrix between the rock units.     

Formation of the Jurassic Changboshan‐Xieniqishan highly fractionated I‐type granites,northeastern China: implication for the partial melting of juvenile crust induced by asthenospheric mantle upwelling

Zircon U–Pb ages, major and trace elements, and Sr, Nd and Hf isotope compositions of the Changboshan‐Xieniqishan (CX) intrusion from the Great Xing'an Range (GXAR), northeastern China, were studied to investigate its derivation, evolution and geodynamic significance. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U–Pb dating yields an emplacement age of 161 ± 2 Ma for the CX intrusion. Bulk‐rock analyses show that this intrusion is characterized by high SiO₂, Na₂O and K₂O, but low MgO, CaO and P₂O₅. They are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements, with marked Eu anomalies (mostly from 0.36 to 0.65), and depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements. Most samples have relatively low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i values (0.70423–0.70457), with ε_Nd(t) fluctuating between −0.4 and 2.3. The ε_Hf(t) for zircons varies from 5.4 to 8.7. Sr–Nd isotope modelling results, in combination with young Nd and Hf model ages (760–986 and 549–728 Ma, respectively) and the presence of relict zircons, indicate that the CX intrusion may originate from the partial melting of juvenile crust, with minor contamination of recycled crustal components, and then underwent extensive fractional crystallization of K‐feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, sphene, apatite, zircon and allanite. Considering the widespread presence of granitoids with coeval volcanic rocks, we contend that the CX intrusion formed in an extensional environment related to the upwelling of asthenospheric mantle induced by the subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific plate, rather than a lithospheric delamination model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reservoir Quality Assessment of the Upper Permian Chhidru Formation,Salt and Surghar Ranges,Pakistan

The Late Permian succession of the Upper Indus Basin in northeastern Pakistan is represented by the carbonate-dominated Zaluch Group, which consists of the Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations, which accumulated on the southwestern shelf of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, north of the hydrocarbon-producing Permian strata of the Arabian Peninsula. The reservoir properties of the mixed clastic-carbonate Chhidru Formation (CFm) are evaluated based on petrography, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The diagenetic features are recognized, ranging from marine (isopachous fibrous calcite, micrite), through meteoric (blocky calcite-I, neomorphism and dissolution) to burial (poikilotopic cement, blocky calcite-II-III, fractures, fracture-filling, and stylolites). Major porosity types include fracture and moldic, while inter- and intra-particle porosities also exist. Observed visual porosity ranges from 1.5%–7.14% with an average of 5.15%. The sandstone facies (CMF-4) has the highest average porosity of 10.7%, whereas the siliciclastic grainstone microfacies (CMF-3) shows an average porosity of 5.3%. The siliciclastic mudstone microfacies (CMF-1) and siliciclastic wacke-packestone microfacies (CMF-2) show the lowest porosities of 4.8% and 5.0%, respectively. Diagenetic processes like cementation, neomorphism, stylolitization and compaction have reduced the primary porosities; however, processes of dissolution and fracturing have produced secondary porosity. On average, the CFm in the Nammal Gorge, Salt Range shows promise and at Gula Khel Gorge, Trans-Indus, the lowest porosity.     

南岭地区钨锡铌钽花岗岩及其成矿作用

在晚侏罗世时,南岭地区发生了与花岗岩有关的钨锡铌钽大规模成矿作用。依据花岗岩的岩石学、地球化学及其矿化特征,可将南岭地区含钨锡铌钽花岗岩划分为三个主要类型：含钨花岗岩、含锡钨花岗岩和含钽铌花岗岩。含钨花岗岩的地球化学特征可归纳为铝过饱和,低Ba+Sr 和TiO2,轻重稀土比值低,铕亏损强烈,富Y 和Rb,Rb/Sr 比值高,分异强烈。含锡钨花岗岩总体特征表现为TiO2 含量高,准铝质—弱过铝质,轻重稀土比值和CaO/(K2O+Na2O)比值高,富高场强元素、稀土、Ba+Sr 和Rb,低Rb/Sr 比值,分异演化程度较低。含钽铌花岗岩的地球化学特征主要为TiO2 含量和CaO/(K2O+Na2O)比值低,Al2O3/TiO2 和Rb/Sr 比值明显偏高,强过铝质,贫Ba+Sr、稀土和高场强元素,铕亏损强烈,明显富Rb 和Nb,高度分异演化。三类含矿花岗岩具有明显不同的演化特征,成矿作用与它们的演化密切相关。黑云母花岗岩主要与锡成矿作用有关,二云母花岗岩和白云母花岗岩主要产生钨矿化或锡钨共生矿化,钠长石花岗岩主要与钽铌或锡（钨）钽铌矿化有关。总结了南岭锡钨钽铌矿床的重要类型,提出了绿泥石化花岗岩型锡矿新类型,指出南岭地区要特别注意在含锡钨花岗岩中寻找此类锡矿和云英岩- 石英脉型锡钨矿。     

大兴安岭南段北大山岩体的年代学和地球化学：对岩石成因及成矿潜力的指示

大兴安岭南段发育包括维拉斯托、黄岗、安乐、大井、毛登和边家大院等锡多金属矿床, 是我国北方最重要的锡多金属成矿带。北大山岩体是该锡多金属成矿带规模最大, 出露最完全的花岗质侵入体, 其北部主要为石英二长斑岩, 南部为黑云母花岗岩, 且南部岩相中常见电气石和绿柱石, 被认为是区内锡多金属矿床的成矿母岩。然而, 目前对该岩体岩石成因及其稀有金属成矿潜力的认识却存在较大争议。本文在对北大山岩体开展岩相学观察和锆石U-Pb定年的基础上, 通过全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析, 结合MELTS热力学模拟计算, 试图阐明该岩体的成因类型、源区特征和演化过程, 并讨论其成矿潜力。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示, 北大山岩体北部的石英二长斑岩形成于143.4±1.3Ma, 南部黑云母花岗岩形成于142.6±1.3Ma, 与大兴安岭南段早白垩世锡多金属成矿年龄峰值相一致。北大山岩体中含自形富水矿物角闪石及黑云母、富碱(K₂O+Na₂O=8.58%~9.34%)、ACNK/CNK值介于0.97~1.02, P₂O₅含量低(< 0.14%)且与SiO₂含量呈负相关, 指示该岩体为高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩。岩体的锆石Hf同位素组成较为亏损(ε_Hf(t)值平均6.81, n=20), 且全岩锆饱和温度较高(平均值为813℃), 指示其为新生地壳物质高温熔融的产物。主量元素变化关系和MELTS模拟结果表明, 北大山岩体为高钾钙碱性岩浆体系不同程度分离结晶的产物, 其中北部石英二长斑岩样品之间结晶分异程度较低, 而南部黑云母花岗岩的结晶分异程度较高。北大山岩体的形成时代、源区特征和氧化还原条件(△FMQ-2.5)与大兴安岭南段稀有金属花岗岩类似, 具有一定的锡多金属成矿潜力, 但其初融温度、挥发分组成(相对富B贫F)、分异演化程度(结晶分异和熔体-流体相互作用程度相对较低)明显不同于维拉斯托矿床成矿碱长花岗斑岩, 不会是该矿床的成矿母岩。

     

大兴安岭北段下嘎来奥伊铅锌矿地质、物化探特征及找矿方向

下嘎来奥伊铅锌矿位于黑龙江省西北部,大地构造位置位于额尔古纳地块额木尔山隆起带南缘与大兴安岭火山岩带北缘交切部位的西段。矿体主要产于中酸性浅成侵入岩与新元古界—下寒武统倭勒根群吉祥沟组大理岩接触带,是一个以铁、铅、锌、钼矿为主的矽卡岩型矿床。通过野外工作和室内观察将其成矿期划分为2期5个阶段：①矽卡岩期：干矽卡岩阶段、湿矽卡岩阶段(形成富集的磁铁矿)、氧化物阶段(形成少量辉钼矿),②石英-硫化物期：早硫化物阶段(形成部分辉钼矿)、晚硫化物阶段(主要形成闪锌矿、方铅矿等铅锌硫化物)。结合成矿地质背景、矿区物化探特征,得出成矿控制因素为：①吉祥沟组大理岩及片岩在成矿过程中提供了部分成矿物质,②花岗斑岩、花岗闪长岩、细粒花岗岩等中酸性岩体在侵入过程中提供了成矿物质和能量,③矿区中部复式褶皱构造及北东向和北西向断裂是区内的主要控矿构造。在GIS平台上开展综合信息成矿预测,共圈出2处找矿预测区,指出了今后的找矿方向。这些认识对矿区及外围找矿工作具有重要的指导意义,为进一步开展深部找矿和相关理论研究提供了重要依据。     

近45年大连地区气温日较差的演变趋势分析

利用Mann-Kendall方法对大连地区7个气象站点1961～2005年的气温日较差进行了趋势分析,并根据各因子趋势值,应用相关统计法分析了影响气温日较差呈减小趋势的因子.得到结论如下:①大连地区四季气温日较差呈现显著减小趋势,其中以秋季和冬季减小趋势最显著,夏季最弱.各季节平均气温、最高气温和最低气温呈显著上升趋势.最低气温较最高气温和平均气温升高趋势显著.②大连地区与月平均日较差相关性最强的因子是风速,其次是最低气温、水汽压和云量,都呈负相关,与最高气温呈正相关.②春夏季,日较差下降主要受最高气温的变化驱动,而秋冬季节则主要受最低气温变化的影响.     

南岭高分异花岗岩成岩与成矿

南岭是我国花岗岩研究程度最高的地区。特别是由于这一地区花岗岩与钨、锡、铌、钽、锆、铪、铜、钼、铅、锌、银、铋、锑、铀、锂、铍、稀土等金属成矿作用关系密切而受到国内外学术界关注。一般认为,南岭花岗岩及相关的成矿作用与花岗岩浆的高度结晶分异作用有关,但高分异作用发生的原因却并不明确。本文通过详细梳理南岭中生代燕山早期花岗岩的特征提出,这些花岗岩的结晶分异作用表现为岩浆房内晶粥体和残留岩浆的长期不断分凝。区内大面积的粗粒似斑状花岗岩为岩浆房早期结晶的堆晶体（主体）,而晚期细粒花岗岩则为残留的高硅熔体（补体）。岩浆房发生充分结晶分异作用受控于两个因素：其一是岩浆房自身在演化过程中不断受到来自深部热的补给,使岩浆房内富含金属元素的残留熔体不断发生抽离,并向上运移。花岗岩体顶端的伟晶岩壳是保证抽离的熔体在近封闭环境下不断发生分异的另一个重要因素。这些特征使得南岭花岗岩的分异机制明显有别于喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩,后者以沿大型拆离断层就位并发生分异结晶为主要机制,两者可分别归类为热驱动分异和构造驱动分异类型,构成高分异花岗岩发生的两大重要机制。未来应结合锂资源的国家重大战略需求,对南岭地区高分异花岗岩,特别是晚期钨锡铌钽成矿花岗岩展开全面检查与评价,着重研究铁锂云母花岗岩及云英岩的岩石序列、矿物演变、金属元素富集和岩浆储存机制等,使南岭花岗岩与成矿作用研究再上新台阶。