非合作目标分光路激光测距中距离值的确定方法

摘要：卫星激光测距是目前空间大地测量的主要手段之一,在地球动力学和大地测量学等领域有广泛的应用。云南天文台即将开展非合作目标分光路激光测距试验,即激光接收和发射光路系统分别由相邻较近的两台望远镜完成。针对分光路非合作目标激光测距系统,提出了一种非合作目标分光路激光测距中测距值的确定方法,并给出了相应的计算公式,为分光路激光测距数据处理提供参考。     

EH4及地质雷达在隧道事故调查中的应用

引水隧道施工中屡次发生坍塌,用探地雷达对衬砌质量及地质情况进行探测。经数据反演,清晰勾画出衬砌背后空洞、松散堆积体分布范围,地下水的赋存特征,为治理事故提供切实可靠依据。     

黑龙江大兴安岭地区航磁异常的筛选与查证经验

在完成大兴安岭地区 1∶ 5 万航空物探测量工作基础上,结合相关地质、化探、遥感、地形等资料,采用 “综合筛选”原则对区内的航磁异常进行了筛选,并择优对重点异常开展了综合查证。将区内航磁异常划分为 9 种类型,并对典型的异常区的地质、物化等资料做了详细分析,初步总结了查证经验,为今后区域基础地质、矿产勘查及找矿等工作提供较明确的地球物理依据。     

Alice Springs age shear zones from the southeastern Reynolds Range,central Australia

The southeast Reynolds Range, central Australia, is cut by steep northwest‐trending shear zones that are up to hundreds of metres wide and several kilometres long. Amphibolite‐facies shear zones cut metapelites, while greenschist‐facies shear zones cut metagranites. Rb–Sr and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar data suggest that both sets of shear zones formed in the 400–300 Ma Alice Springs Orogeny, with the sheared granites yielding well‐constrained ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar ages of ca 334 Ma. These data imply that the shear zones represent a distinct tectonic episode in this terrain, and were not formed during cooling from the ca 1.6 Ga regional metamorphism. A general correlation between regional metamorphic grade and the grade of Alice Springs structures implies a similar distribution of heat sources for the two events. This may be most consistent with both phases of metamorphism being caused by the burial of anomalously radiogenic heat‐producing granites. The sheared rocks commonly have undergone metasomatism implying that the shear zones were conduits of fluid flow during Alice Springs times.     

Stratigraphy,distribution and geochemistry of widespread felsic volcanic units in the Mesoproterozoic Gawler Range Volcanics,South Australia

Three widespread felsic volcanic units, the Eucarro Rhyolite, Pondanna Dacite Member and Moonaree Dacite Member, have been distinguished in the Mesoproterozoic Gawler Range Volcanics. These three units are the largest in the Gawler Range Volcanics, each in excess of 500 km³. Each unit is ～300 m thick and includes a black, formerly glassy base, a granophyric columnar‐jointed interior, and an amygdaloidal outer margin. The units are very gently dipping and locally separated by thin (<20 m) lenses of either ignimbrite (Mt Double Ignimbrite), tuffaceous sandstone or faults. The youngest unit, the Moonaree Dacite Member, covers a central area with a diameter greater than 80 km. The southern two units have east‐west extents in the order of 180 km, but are much less extensive from south to north (5–60 km). All three units are dominated by euhedral phenocrysts and are relatively crystal rich. Both the Eucarro Rhyolite and Moonaree Dacite Member contain clasts of basement granitoid and other lithologies and are locally heterogeneous in texture and composition. Some granitoid clasts have disintegrated, liberating feldspar and quartz crystals into the surrounding host. These liberated crystals cause textural variations, but can be identified on the basis of shape (amoeboid or skeletal) and/or size (megacrysts). Textural and lithofacies characteristics are consistent with the interpretation that these units are lavas; the strongly elongate distribution and wide extent of the Eucarro Rhyolite and Pondanna Dacite Member could indicate that vents were aligned along an extensive east‐west‐trending fissure system. Stratigraphic nomenclature has been revised to better reflect the presence of the three emplacement units. The oldest unit, the Eucarro Rhyolite, is dominated by plagioclase‐phyric rhyolite that locally includes granitoid clasts and megacrysts. Along the northern margin, the rhyolite is amygdaloidal and has mingled with a quartz‐rich rhyolite (Paney Rhyolite Member). The Eucarro Rhyolite and Paney Rhyolite Member replace the formerly defined ‘Eucarro Dacite’, ‘Nonning Rhyodacite’, ‘Yannabie Rhyodacite’ and ‘Paney Rhyolite’. The two younger units, Pondanna Dacite Member and Moonaree Dacite Member, are compositionally and spatially distinct, newly defined members of the Yardea Dacite.     

张广才岭造山过程的重构及其大地构造意义

前人的研究确认了"黑龙江群"是一套包括蓝片岩在内的构造混杂岩,同时发现张广才岭的下地壳内存在有俯冲的洋壳板片。本文拟通过对张广才岭的地层-建造、岩浆作用以及变形-变质作用的研究,反演与俯冲事件相关的造山过程。从东到西横穿造山带的地质调查揭示:沉积岩相与厚度、火山岩的组合和花岗岩系列、变质程度及变形强度的时空分布明显地受到俯冲-碰撞造山作用的控制。造山带可以分成4个构造岩相带,显示了构造混杂岩带的水平增生作用和陆缘弧岩浆带的垂向增生作用。通过年代学的初步研究,表明本区与俯冲作用有关的弧岩浆作用发生在晚三叠世末-早侏罗世初,而高压蓝片岩及中-高压的硬绿泥石石榴石片岩的变质作用与挤压剪切变形发生在早、中侏罗世,后者与此时佳木斯地块持续向北西的挤压作用有关。通过区域构造的对比研究,显示张广才岭和北美西部中生代时期造山作用有某些共同特征。     

海水加载引起的厦门台相对重力变化

针对厦门台具体地理位置的特点,提出了计算相对重力变化的海水加载模型,运用有关弹性理论知识与一定的数学方法,定量地计算了海水加载引起的厦门台相对重力变化。结果表明：①相对重力变化对近距离的加载极为敏感,随着离观测点距离的增加,加载的影响程度逐渐减弱,超过一定的范围,这种影响就可以忽略不计了;对厦门台来说,海水的有效加载范围约为940 m;②经过扣除各种可能的误差后,由理论模型计算所得的结果与实际观测结果较为吻合,进一步证实了计算模型的正确性。     

木孜塔格西北坡鱼鳞川冰川跃动遥感监测

基于Landsat卫星数据的遥感监测发现, 木孜塔格峰西北坡鱼鳞川冰川的中支在2007-2011年间发生了跃动, 冰川北侧末端在几年内前进距离达到了(548±34) m.进一步的监测发现, 该冰川的大幅跃动主要发生于2008年10月至2009年3月.跃动期间冰川表面约4.8 km长的范围经历了急剧的破碎化过程, 并呈现出最早由冰川中部积蓄区下段开始, 然后向上下游逐渐扩展的特征.对冰面裂隙及其他特征点的追踪发现, 冰川除积累区以外的部位都产生明显的位移, 其中冰川中部以下至冰舌部各点的位移都在1 km以上.同时, 冰面运动速度的计算结果也显示, 冰川各个部分都经历了急剧的运动速度变化过程, 其中冰川中部最大运动可视速率达到约(13.3±1.5)m·d^-1, 并且还揭示出该冰川的跃动具有北侧主末端最先开始快速运动, 然后向上游逐渐扩展的特征.     

遥感技术在新生代水文地质调查中的应用：以喀喇昆仑山温泉幅1∶25万区域水文地质调查为例

以ETM+遥感数据为主要遥感信息源,应用遥感技术对喀喇昆仑山温泉地区进行1∶25万图幅的水文地质调查。根据地质体的影像特征并与前人地质填图结果对比,建立了遥感解译标志。重点对新生代地层及与水文地质有关的要素等进行解译,编制1∶25万新生代遥感解译图。根据遥感图像对研究区的第四纪沉积物的成因类型和分布范围、地貌特征及河流、湖泊、泉群、地下水溢出带、湿地等水文地质特征进行了研究。基于区内地下水形成环境的差异,地下水资源体系可以分为南部河谷冲积层地下水系统和北部内流湖盆地下水系统。总结地下水的分布特征认为,南部冲积层储水条件较为优越,且补给充分,其地下水与地表水构成一个统一的水资源系统;北部内流湖盆地区多为湖相沉积,受气象因素制约,山前巨大的冲洪积扇存在丰富的地下水外,地下水资源总体贫乏。遥感水文地质调查表明,遥感技术在高原区域填图与水文地质调查中具有高效率低成本的优点,可以在青藏高原水文地质调查中发挥重要作用。