SLOPE INSTABILITY HAZARDS IN GRANITES OF THE LESSER HIMALAYAN EXAMPLE OF THE PALUNG GRANITE OF CENTRAL NEPAL

Granites are hard and sound rock at relatively fresh or unweathered condition. Steep rocky slopes are the characteristic features in the area occupied by granites of the Lesser Himalaya including Kathmandu nappe. Almost vertical to sometimes overhanging slopes in granites look stable in dry season, but the steeper slopes in the areas occupied by granitic rocks are metastable to unstable. The instabilities are related to: variation in texture and mineral composition of granite, nature and intensity of weathering (mechanical and chemical), altitude of the area, orientation of natural slope with reference to the predominant joint sets, quality of rock mass, stress release and activity of subsurface water during monsoon. The study is supposed to be an example for the study of the slope instabilities in the other part of the Himalaya occupied by granitic bodies.     

大兴安岭哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山岩地幔源区与岩浆成因

哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山地处重力梯度带上的大兴安岭中段。火山岩主要类型为钠质系列碱性橄榄玄武岩。火山岩大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素相对富集,轻重稀土分异程度弱((La/Yb)N=8～12),稀土元素和微量元素配分曲线与大同碱性玄武岩平行,总体上表现出与OIB相似的特征。在Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成特征上表现出亏损地幔的特点(εNd=4.8～5.9),接近MORB的源区范围。哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山岩岩浆由轻稀土富集的石榴子石二辉橄榄岩低程度(8%～15%)部分熔融产生,火山岩高MgO(>9%)、Ni(>200×10-6)和Mg#(60～70),表明它们是较原始的岩浆,岩浆上升过程经历了橄榄石和辉石为主的弱分离结晶作用,没有受到地壳物质明显混染。区域伸展作用引发软流圈地幔上涌是哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山的岩浆成因。     

敦化-密山断裂带的平移距离:来自松嫩-张广才岭-佳木斯-兴凯地块古生代-中生代岩浆作用的制约

敦化-密山断裂带是郯庐断裂北段的重要分支之一,其大规模左行走滑发生的时限以及平移距离一直存在较大争议。本文系统地总结了松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘、佳木斯地块以及兴凯地块之上古生代-中生代火成岩的锆石U-Pb年代学资料,结合其空间分布特征,对敦化-密山断裂带的平移时限及距离提供了制约。研究表明,松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘与兴凯地块在古生代-中生代期间具有类似的岩浆活动历史,两个地块之上该时期的岩浆作用可以划分为8个主要期次:中-晚寒武世(ca.500~516Ma)、早奥陶世(ca.480~486Ma)、晚奥陶世(ca.450~456Ma)、中志留世(ca.426~430Ma)、早二叠世(ca.285~292Ma)、晚二叠世(ca.255~260Ma)、晚三叠世(ca.202~210Ma)和早侏罗世(ca.185~186Ma)。相比之下,佳木斯地块中的古生代-中生代早期岩浆事件则集中在晚寒武世(~492Ma)、晚泥盆世(~388Ma)、早二叠世(~288Ma)、晚二叠世(~259Ma)和早侏罗世(~176Ma),而晚奥陶世-志留纪和晚三叠世的岩浆活动在佳木斯地块未见报道。早白垩世晚期(ca.105~110Ma)和晚白垩世(ca.90~94Ma)的岩浆活动在三个地块均存在。上述结果表明兴凯地块东缘与松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘在早古生代经历了共同的地质演化历史,而中生代早期,兴凯地块西缘与松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘经历了同样的岩浆作用历史。上述结果暗示,敦化-密山断裂可能经历了至少两次平移,分别发生在中-晚二叠世-早三叠世和中-晚侏罗世-早白垩世,推测其总的平移距离约400km。结合研究区中生代期间的构造演化历史,敦化-密山断裂中生代的左行平移应与中-晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间古太平洋板块(Izanagi板块)的斜向俯冲相联系。     

南岭地区早侏罗世成矿作用——来自粤北大顶铁锡矿床LA-ICP-MS和Ar-Ar年代学证据

近来南岭地区陆续见有早侏罗世成岩作用的报道,但是否存在同期成矿作用尚无定论。本文报道了大顶矿区石背岩体二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和大顶矽卡岩铁锡矿体的高精度同位素年龄数据,确认该地区存在早侏罗世成矿事件。石背岩体二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为187.5±1.8 Ma(MSWD=0.81)和186.9±2.0 Ma(MSWD=1.15),大顶矽卡岩铁锡矿体中的金云母~(39)Ar-~(40)Ar坪年龄为185.9±1.2 Ma,等时线年龄为184.5±2.6 Ma(MSWD=0.83)。该矿床成矿作用是南岭地区首例有精确年龄报道的早侏罗世的成矿事件,为南岭成矿带矿产调查评价工作提供了一种新的选择。早侏罗世岩浆岩岩性组合、空间展布特点以及中侏罗世才开始的太平洋板块西向挤压过程,说明大顶矿床的成岩成矿过程更可能是受华南印支运动晚期的后造山伸展作用或者垮塌过程控制。     

东北地区嫩江东北部早古生代闪长岩的成因探讨:锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学证据

东北兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼贴演化历史一直存在较大争议,而早古生代岩浆记录的发现无疑对该问题的解决具有重要意义。笔者在黑龙江省嫩江依克特地区识别出了早古生代闪长岩体,其LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(435.3±1.1)Ma,该闪长岩体的SiO_2质量分数为55.01%~61.82%,全碱(Na_2O+K_2O)质量分数为4.55%~6.94%,Na_2O/K_2O值变化(2.01~48.60)较大,Al_2O_3质量分数为14.97%~16.67%,具有中等程度的K_2O(0.10%~2.12%)、TiO_2(0.99%~1.42%)和P_2O_5(0.33%~0.49%)以及低的TFeO/MgO(0.51~0.96)值,属于中钾钙碱性系列。其A/CNK值为0.78~1.35,A/NK值为1.63~2.21,大体符合I型花岗岩特点。依克特闪长岩的稀土总量较高(w(ΣREE)=227.02×10-6~289.17×10-6),轻重稀土分异明显[(La/Yb)_N=9.86~13.93],并具有弱的铕异常(Eu/Eu*=0.88~1.02);具有明显高场强元素(Nb和Ti)亏损的特征。上述特征表明,岩浆源区为受俯冲流体交代地幔楔的部分熔融。结合区域资料,本文认为依克特闪长岩体形成于活动大陆边缘环境,与嫩江-黑河洋的洋壳持续俯冲相关。     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Early Cretaceous Granitic Plutons in the Xing’an Massif, Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

In this study, we present zircon U-Pb ages, whole-rock geochemical data and Hf isotopic compositions for the Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons in Xing'an Massif, Great Xing'an Range, which can provide important information in deciphering both Mesozoic magmatism and tectonic evolution of NE China. The zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that alkali feldspar granite from Meiguifeng pluton was emplaced at ～145 to 137 Ma, and granite porphyry of Arxan pluton was formed at ～129 Ma. The Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons have similar geochemical features, which are characterized by high silica, total alkalis, differentiation index, with low P_2O_5, CaO, MgO, TFe_2O_3 contents. They belong to high-K calc-alkaline series, and show weakly peraluminous characteristics. The Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons are both enriched in LREEs and LILEs(e.g., Rb, Th, U and K), and depleted in HREEs and HFSEs(e.g., Nb, Ta and Ti). Combined with the petrological and geochemical features, the Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons show highly fractionated I-type granite affinity. Moreover, the Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons may share a common or similar magma source, and they were probably generated by partial melting of Neoproterozoic high-K basaltic crust. Meanwhile, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, apatite, monazite, allanite and Ti-bearing phases fractionated from the magma during formation of Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons. Combined with spatial distribution and temporal evolution, we assume that the generation of Early Cretaceous Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons in Great Xing'an Range was closely related to the break-off of Mudanjiang oceanic plate. Furthermore, the Mudanjiang Ocean was probably a branch of Paleo-Pacific Ocean.     

基于岩质滑坡引发泥石流的影响范围评价模型

降雨滑坡引发泥石流是发生于山区的复杂地质灾害现象。通常与地质、地层岩性、岩土体的力学性质、雨量、地下水和土地使用情况有关。分析滑坡与泥石流之间的内在关联因素不仅为分析滑坡破坏机理提供一个参考依据,而且也可以作为滑坡引发泥石流评估的基础。本文基于质量守恒定律和黏性牛顿流体Navier-Stokes方程的泥石流二维数学模型,进行深度积分后采用有限差分法进行数值求解,引用统计得出的溪流倾斜角正切值与泥石流影响范围的宽度关系表达式。结合GIS,完善了3DslopeGIS系统。对以往记载的山体滑坡引发泥石流案例进行类似地质条件的滑坡灾害再发可能性和影响范围分析。本文模型及系统不仅可用于预测泥石流的影响范围,还可以风险地图来显示可能受泥石流影响的地区。     

Understanding plot‐scale hydrology of Lesser Himalayan watershed—A field study and HYDRUS‐2D modelling approach

Soil moisture dynamics have a significant effect on overland flow generation. Catchment aspect is one of the major controlling factors of overland flow and soil moisture behaviour. A few experimental studies have been carried out in the uneven topography of the Himalayas. This study presents plot‐scale experiments using portable rainfall simulator at an altitude of 1,230 m above mean sea level and modelling of overland flow using observed datasets. Two plots were selected in 2 different aspects of Aglar watershed of Lesser Himalaya; the agro‐forested (AF) plot was positioned at the north aspect whereas the degraded (DE) plot was located at the south aspect of the hillslope. HS flumes and rain gauges were installed to measure the runoff at the outlet of the plot and the rainfall depth during rainfall simulation experiments. Moreover, 10 soil moisture sensors were installed at upslope and downslope locations of both the plots at 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 cm depth from ground level to capture the soil moisture dynamics. The tests were conducted at intensities of 79.8 and 75 mm/hr in AF plot and 82.2 and 72 mm/hr in the DE plot during Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. The observed data indicate the presence of reinfiltration process only in the AF plot. The high water holding capacity and the presence of reinfiltration process results in less runoff volume in the AF plot compared with the DE plot. The Hortonian overland flow mechanism was found to be the dominant overland flow mechanism as only a few layers of top soil get saturated during all of the rainfall–runoff experiments. The runoff, rainfall, and soil moisture data were subsequently used to calibrate the parameters of HYDRUS‐2D overland flow module to simulate the runoff hydrograph and soil moisture. The components of hydrograph were evaluated in terms of peak discharge, runoff volume and time of concentration, the results were found to be within the satisfactory range. The goodness of fit of simulated hydrographs were more than 0.85 and 0.95 for AF and DE plot, respectively. The model produced satisfactory simulation results of soil moisture for all of the rainfall–runoff experiments. The HYDRUS‐2D overland flow module was found promising to simulate the runoff hydrograph and soil moisture in plot‐scale research.     

A new kinematic evolutionary model for the growth of a duplex — an example from the Rangit duplex, Sikkim Himalaya, India

The Lesser Himalayan duplex (LHD) is a prominent structure through much of the Lesser Himalayan fold–thrust belt. In the Darjeeling - Sikkim Himalaya a component of the LHD is exposed in the Rangit window as the Rangit duplex (RD). The RD consists of ten horses of the upper Lesser Himalayan Sequence (Gondwana, Buxa, Upper Daling). The duplex varies from hinterland-dipping in the north, through an antiformal stack in the middle to foreland-dipping in the south. The Ramgarh thrust (RT) is the roof thrust and, based on a balanced cross-section, the Main Himalayan Sole thrust is the floor thrust at a depth of ~ 10 km and with a dip of ~ 3.5° N.Retrodeformation suggests that the RD initiated as a foreland-dipping duplex with the Early Ramgarh thrust as the roof thrust and the RT as the floor thrust. The RT became the roof thrust during continued duplexing by a combination of footwall imbrication and concurrent RT reactivation. This kinematic history best explains the large translation of the overlying MCT sheets. The restoration suggests that RD shortening is ~ 125 km, and the original Gondwana basin extended ~ 142 km northward of its present northernmost exposures within the window.     

祁连山南坡不同海拔土壤与植被位移后土壤碳氮的短期变化特征

在祁连山冷龙岭南麓坡地进行不同海拔的土壤-植被的整体双向移地实验,以探讨气候变化对土壤碳、氮含量及其比例的影响.结果表明:土壤-植被移植后土壤因原生状态不同而存在差异,移地后土壤有机质含量总体表现出随海拔升高而升高,部分移植后在海拔3 600～3 800m处略有下降;土壤全氮变化比较复杂.从不同高度移植到各海拔后,除从海拔3 400m移到各海拔的土壤碳氮比先升高后降低外,其它3个高度移植后土壤碳氮比随海拔升高而升高.受气候影响和原生植被类型差异,土壤碳、氮及碳氮比波动变化明显.