Establishment of research methodology and workflow for the occurrence state of the critical metal cobalt in ore: A case study of the Longqiao cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit in the Luzhong BasinSCIEI北大核心CSCD

关键金属钴的赋存状态是研究关键金属成矿作用的核心问题之一。由于含钴矿物粒度较小,难以在矿床尺度查明关键金属矿物的种类、含量、粒度、分布特征以及与其他矿石矿物和脉石矿物的共生关系,因此亟需建立一套成本低且效率高的钴赋存状态研究流程。本次工作以龙桥铁矿床为例,建立了新的采样与制样流程,提高了样品的代表性,并大幅缩短了样品前处理与制样的时间。通过综合矿物分析技术(TIMA)分析,查明了不同钴含量的三类矿石样品中矿物的含量,在6个实验矿石样品中寻找到了辉砷钴矿、铁硫砷钴矿和硫铜钴矿三种钴矿物共753颗,并使用扫描电镜和能谱分析(SEM-EDS)对钴矿物进行了核验与半定量分析。最后,在同一个树脂靶上利用激光剥蚀-等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对磁铁矿和黄铁矿进行了原位点分析,进一步查明了样品中钴的赋存状态。本次研究建立了关键金属钴在矿石中赋存状态的研究方法和技术流程,具有制样简单便捷、分析时间短、分析费用低和分析精度高等诸多优点,为矿床尺度上关键金属空间分布规律和赋存状态研究提供了可靠的技术支撑。     

铟矿床时空分布、成矿背景及其成矿过程

铟是一种稀散金属元素,特殊的地球化学性质导致其难以形成独立的矿床,均以伴生矿产的形式产出于富锡岩浆热液与陆相火山-次火山热液系统,以及相对贫锡的海底(火山)热液系统。研究表明,铟矿床广泛分布于活动的大洋或大陆板块边缘,成因上主要与板块俯冲以及碰撞作用密切相关,少量与火山岩以及喷流沉积岩相关的块状硫化物矿床形成的有利构造背景则是弧后环境和裂谷环境。在不同地质历史时期,铟的巨量堆积作用主要有新第三纪、白垩纪、泥盆纪三个时期,对应的矿化类型分别以浅成低温热液-锡多金属脉型、矽卡岩型以及块状硫化物(VMS)型矿床为主,其中与铟成矿作用相关的岩浆岩多为A型或S型花岗岩。铟独立矿物目前报道约15种,主要包括自然铟、硫铟铜矿、铟石、樱井矿、羟铟石等,其中以硫铟铜矿最为广泛。绝大多数铟主要以类质同象的形式赋存于闪锌矿中,其次为黝锡矿、锌黄锡矿、黄铜矿、锡石、黝铜矿、砷黝铜矿等。富铟闪锌矿通常形成于高温热液体系,常显示阶段性富集特征,最普遍的置换机制为(Ag,Cu)~++In~(3+)2Zn~(2+)。文章指出为完善铟金属成矿理论,需进一步加强铟的成矿物质来源、铟沉淀的物理化学条件及其与主矿种成生关系的研究。     

Bromine and water quality – Selected aspects and future perspectives

Bromine is a microelement present in waters, both in inorganic and in a wide range of organic compounds, though at lower concentrations. Typically, concentrations of organobromine compounds in waters are several orders of magnitude lower than of bromides. Two issues are addressed in the paper: the influence of bromides on the quality of treated waters and organobromines as contaminants of natural waters. Bromide presence in treated water gives rise to formation of potentially mutagenic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Registered amounts of DBPs in potable waters, exceeding the admissible levels, and the published data on DBPs in waters used for leisure and recreation activities, clearly indicate the health risk. Major sources are identified and registered concentrations of EDB, DBCB, methyl bromide, bromacil and PBDEs in the aquatic environment are summarized. The effects of bromide on DBPs formation and numerous examples of organobromine contamination of the aquatic environment indicate that the presence of bromides and organobromine compounds in the aquatic environment will have to be given more consideration, for several reasons. Firstly, larger amounts of bromide are present in saline and contaminated waters and the proportion of such waters being handled is increasing. Similarly, the processes of water purification, treatment and disinfection are now playing a major role. Secondly, emissions from manufacturing of bromine-containing materials growing, due to, inter alia, intensive development of the electronic industry and the plastic manufacturing sector. Thirdly, bromine compounds are also used as medicine ingredients. There is now a growing awareness of the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Fourth, low bromide concentrations in hypergene zones may be modified in the future, partly because of the climate changes, which may give rise to difficulties with water treatment systems.Water quality standards having relevance to water used for consumption are based only on the best-known (most widespread) DBPs. However new more restrictive legal regulations relating to the use of bromine compounds have been put in place prohibiting the use of certain bromine-based substances or restricting their amount in finished products. In the light of current legislation, the monitoring of water contamination with potentially toxic, mutagenic and endocrine-disrupting organobromine compounds is still unsatisfactory because newly discovered compounds are not included and certain factors governing the exposure to those substances are still left out.The effects of bromine (bromide and organobromine compounds) on water quality have been investigated by researchers from several fields of expertise. The water management authorities ought to make use of the available research data and identify the problems which need to be addressed directly and those which may emerge in the future.     

地震现场工作刍议

简要回顾了随着我国社会经济的发展, 地震现场工作经历的5个发展历程。 随后从人员、 技术、 制度、 装备、 体能和心理等方面概述了震前应急准备工作, 详细介绍了地震现场的震情分析预报、 地震监测、 地震紧急救援、 地震灾害损失评估、 科学考察、 建筑物安全鉴定、 现场通信保障、 地震宣传和后勤保障等各项工作的主要内容、 遵循的工作依据和技术规范及须注意的问题。     

基于MapInfo的地震烈度发生概率计算方法

本文详细介绍使用MapBasic语言编制,基于离散化后预测单元各震级档的地震发生概率,计算场点地震烈度发生概率的程序。通过交换求和方式,简化了计算程序。以四川省为例,计算四川区域范围内地震烈度年发生概率,结果以网格点(0.1°×0.1°网格)和乡镇形式给出。计算结果直接用于GIS数据库平台的管理,为地震危险性分析程序与GIS的结合打下一定的基础。     

基于Van Allen Probes EMFISIS波动仪器观测的内磁层上频带哨声合声波全球分布的统计分析

基于Van Allen Probes近三年的EMFISIS仪器波动观测数据,针对内磁层上频带哨声模合声波幅度的全球分布特性对地磁活动水平的依赖性进行了详细的统计分析,着重研究上频带合声波平均场强幅度随磁壳值(L)、磁地方时(MLT)、地磁纬度(MLAT)的分布特征及不同强度区间的合声波的发生概率.结果表明,上频带合声波的平均场强幅度与地磁活动条件密切相关,在强磁扰期,平均幅度可达到40 pT以上.在外辐射带中心区域(L=4~6),上频带合声波的幅度最强;在L~3的区域,上频带磁层合声波没有分布.在夜侧至晨侧(22—09MLT),上频带合声波幅度最强;在下午侧至昏侧(15-19MLT),上频带合声波幅度最弱;日侧(10-14MLT)上频带合声波在不同地磁活动条件下都存在,幅度偏小.上频带合声波主要分布在|MLAT|10°,其中21-09MLT范围内、磁纬位于|MLAT丨5°的平均场强幅度最强,磁扰期间可达约100 pT.另外,统计而言,中等幅度(10~30 pT)的上频带合声波在夜侧至晨侧(23-09MLT)靠近磁赤道区域的发生率最高,可达15%左右.强幅度(30 pT)的上频带合声波普遍分布在夜侧(01-05MLT),发生率最小.本文建立的上频带哨声模合声波的全球分布模型结合已经建立的下频带合声波的全球分布模型,将有助于进一步深入理解该重要磁层等离子体波动对地球等离子体片、辐射带、环电流动力学过程的定量贡献.     

基于COSMIC掩星观测的中国内陆Es分布统计研究

我们采用COSMIC掩星系统提供的2009年1月1日至2010年12月31日的GPS信号信噪比（signal-to-noise ratio,SNR）的观测数据,通过计算SNR数据的归一化标准差对80~130 km高度范围内的中国内陆偶发E层（Sporadic E,Es）的空间分布以及垂直厚度等特性进行分析研究,获得了Es发生率的空间分布以及发生率随着季节的变化特征.中国内陆30°N纬线以上区域Es分布随季节变化较为明显,夏季最多,秋季次之,春冬季最少,而南部低纬地区发生率水平常年较高.一般情况下Es主要存在于90~110 km高度范围内,但在夏季100 km高度以下探测到了较多的Es事件,且主要表现为多层Es结构,可能是由大气重力波引起Es下行运动所致.Es厚度的分布统计表明：大结构Es的厚度分布在2.5~3 km范围内存在峰值,小结构Es厚度分布峰值出现在150~200 m范围内.     

The occurrences and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ore in the Bayan Obo deposit,Northern China

The Bayan Obo deposit in northern China is an ultra-large Fe–REE–Nb deposit.The occurrences,and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ores from the Bayan Obo Main Ore Body were examined using chemical analysis,field emission scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometer,and automatic mineral analysis software.Results identified that 91.69%of ThO2 in the combined samples was mainly distributed in rare earth minerals(bastnaesite,huanghoite,monazite;56.43%abundance in the samples),iron minerals(magnetite,hematite,pyrite;20.97%),niobium minerals(aeschynite;14.29%),and gangue minerals(aegirine,riebeckite,mica,dolomite,apatite,fluorite;4.22%).An unidentified portion(4.09%)of ThO2 may occur in other niobium minerals(niobite,ilmenorutile,pyrochlore).Only a few independent minerals of thorium occur in the iron ore samples.Thorium mainly occurs in rare earth minerals in the form of isomorphic substitution.Analyses of the geochemical characteristics of the major elements indicate that thorium mineralization in the Main Ore Body was related to alkali metasomatism,which provided source material and favorable porosity for hydrothermal mineralization.Trace elements such as Sc,Nb,Zr,and Ta have higher correlation coefficients with thorium,which resulted from being related to the relevant minerals formed during thorium mineralization.In addition,correlation analysis of ThO2 and TFe,and REO and TFe in the six types of iron ore samples showed that ThO2 did not always account for the highest distribution rate in rare earth minerals,and the main occurrence minerals of ThO2 were closely related to iron ore types.     

北半球电离层中纬槽发生率及其槽极小位置变化的统计研究

本文利用2014年9月到2017年8月全球高时空分辨率TEC数据对北半球四个经度带电离层中纬槽的发生率和槽极小位置的变化进行了统计研究.基于Kp指数,我们引入了一个包含地磁活动变化历史效应的地磁指数(Kp 9)来分析中纬槽位置变化与地磁活动水平的关系.通过与其他地磁活动指数的对比,发现槽极小纬度与Kp 9指数的相关性最好.此外,本文重点分析了中纬槽发生率及槽极小纬度的经度差异、季节变化、地方时变化以及与地磁活动强度等的关系.结果表明,中纬槽的发生率与经度关系不大,主要受到季节、地方时与地磁活动的影响.午夜中纬槽发生率在夏季较低,其随地方时的变化则呈现出负偏态分布的特点,在后半夜发生率更高,而地磁活动增强对中纬槽的发生具有明显的促进作用.对于槽极小纬度,其在四个经度带的分布差异不大,但月变化各不相同,其中-120°经度带呈单峰分布,在夏季槽极小纬度更高,而0°经度带夏季槽极小纬度更低.槽极小的位置显著依赖于地磁活动、地方时以及季节变化.一般说来,地磁活动越强,中纬槽纬度越低.中纬槽位置随地方时的变化有明显的季节差异,冬季昏侧槽极小纬度随地方时变化较快,弱地磁活动条件下22∶00 LT前即达到最低纬度,其后位置几乎保持不变,而两分季槽极小纬度从昏侧至午夜都在降低,夏季槽极小纬度从昏侧连续下降至03∶00 LT左右.     

矽卡岩锡矿石中锡的赋存状态与锡物相

锡矿物约有六十种,含锡矿物约有二十种。胶态锡是化学物相的概念,是指能溶于１∶３的硫酸中的各类矿物中的锡。它不是某一矿物物相。木锡石、胶状锡石均为锡石的一种,水锡石则是研究得不很清楚的一种矿物。硅酸盐矿物和磁铁矿中都存在类质同象态锡。根据锡矿物和含锡矿物的特性,将矽卡岩锡矿石中的锡分成氧化物相、硫化物相、水锡石相、硅酸锡相四个化学物相,它们各有相对应的矿物,新的化学物相方法利于指导选冶生产。