喂子坪秦岭杂岩麻粒岩相变沉积岩的变质作用p-T演化及其构造意义

秦岭杂岩位于秦岭造山带北秦岭构造带,是研究秦岭造山带早古生代构造演化的重要岩石构造单元。喂子坪地区发育有典型的秦岭杂岩,其中的混合岩是由变沉积岩经历了强烈的深熔作用形成的。本研究对其进行了岩相学、变质相平衡模拟和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,以深入揭示它们的变质温压演化特征,进而阐明它们指示的构造意义。混合岩的中色体由含石榴子石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩和含石榴子石黑云角闪斜长片麻岩组成。含石榴子石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩只记录了峰期变质矿物组合,为镁铁闪石+石榴子石+斜长石+石英+黑云母+钛铁矿+熔体,而含石榴子石黑云角闪斜长片麻岩记录了3个变质演化阶段,分别是早期进变质阶段（M1）：黑云母+斜长石+石英; 峰期变质阶段（M2）：镁铁闪石+石榴子石+斜长石+石英+黑云母+钛铁矿+熔体; 退变质阶段（M3）：普通角闪石+斜长石+黑云母+石英+熔体。全岩成分视剖面图模拟计算显示含石榴子石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩和含石榴子石黑云角闪斜长片麻岩压力峰期的变质温压条件分别为790~810℃/990~1 040 MPa和840~862℃/1 000~1 190 MPa。含石榴子石黑云角闪斜长片麻岩3组局部矿物组合域成分视剖面图模拟计算得到压力峰期后变质阶段的温压条件为735~814℃/400~810 MPa、721~794℃/430~700 MPa、740~810℃/470~780 MPa。因此,本研究揭示了喂子坪地区秦岭杂岩片麻岩记录了近等温降压的p-T轨迹。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年得到含石榴子石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩和2个浅色体样品中的变质锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄分别为383.2±7.0 Ma、400±3.6 Ma和406.7±7.8 Ma。结合已发表的数据,喂子坪地区变沉积岩麻粒岩相峰期变质作用和强烈的混合岩化作用的时代约为410~390 Ma,而约380 Ma的年龄可能代表退变质冷却到固相线的时代。片麻岩近等温降压的变质演化轨迹指示喂子坪地区秦岭杂岩的变沉积岩在下地壳经历了麻粒岩相变质作用和随后的快速抬升,与碰撞造山引起的地壳增厚和随后的地壳伸展有关。     

“构造杂岩”及其地质意义——以西准噶尔为例

构造杂岩是构造地层学的重要研究内容之一。以西准噶尔为例,三个不同时期形成的构造杂岩:科克沙依杂岩、玛依勒杂岩和达拉布特杂岩,代表了古生代不同时期洋盆与火山弧的残迹。现今西准噶尔的构造格局,可能是多个地体的拼合。     

兰州-民和盆地红古城组的建立及其地质学意义

兰州—民和盆地下白垩统地层,出露良好,厚度较大,自下而上可建立８个非正式的岩石地层单位（岩组）。红古城组位于下白垩统上部的第七岩组。该组以剖面连续、出露甚好、顶底清楚、厚度不大而与上、下地层显著不同,具独特的岩性、岩相特征。虽然岩性、岩相在横向上变化较快,但顶、底界线都具良好的标志层,在盆地内可以广泛追索和对比。该组岩石地层单位的正式建立,不仅便于区内地层的划分与对比,而且对盆内层序地层、岩相分析、构造演化的研究都具重要意义。     

The Juiz De Fora Granulite Complex of the Central Ribeira Belt, SE Brazil: A Paleoproterozoic Crustal Segment Thrust During the Pan-African Orogeny

The granulites of the Juiz de Fora complex occur within thick basement thrust slices associated with the Pan-African shortening process in the central segment of the Ribeira belt. Five lithological units of the Intermediate tectonic domain of the belt can be identified on the basis of detailed geological mapping: a) orthogranulites, b) orthogneisses; c) kinzigite; d) intrusive garnet charnockite and e) amphibolite facies metasediments of probable Meso to Neoproterozoic age, correlated to the cover of the belt. Petrological data indicate high temperatures and intermediate to low lithostatic pressure conditions for the Paleoproterozoic granulite facies metamorphism. Textures and CO₂-rich fluid inclusions are probably related to an IBC path. Geochemical data do not show relevant compositional change as a result of the granulite metamorphism. Two calc-alkaline suites and tholeiitic to alkaline basic rocks can be related to compressional and extensional settings, respectively. The overall composition of the granulites, the lack of substantial LILE depletion as well as the composition of the fluid inclusion points to granulitization process driven by CO₂-rich fluids. Orthogranulites gave rise to banded gneisses as a result of the Pan-African retrograde metamorphism and intense deformation. The U and Th depletion detected in few rocks is possibly related with the hydrated conditions of the retrograde reactions.     

Filling the Bushveld Complex magma chamber: lateral expansion, roof and floor interaction, magmatic unconformities, and the formation of giant chromitite, PGE and Ti-V-magnetitite deposits

“His mind was like a soup dish—wide and shallow; ...” - Irving Stone on William Jennings Bryan

A compilation of the Sr-isotopic stratigraphy of the Bushveld Complex, shows that the evolution of the magma chamber occurred in two major stages. During the lower open-system Integration Stage (Lower, Critical and Lower Main Zone), there were numerous influxes of magma of contrasting isotopic composition with concomitant mixing, crystallisation and deposition of cumulates. Larger influxes correspond to the boundaries of the zones and sub-zones and are marked by sustained isotopic shifts, major changes in mineral assemblages and development of unconformities. During the upper, closed system Differentiation Stage (Upper Main Zone and Upper Zone), there were no major magma additions (other than that which initiated the Upper Zone), and the thick magma layers evolved by fractional crystallisation. The Lower and Lower Critical Zones are restricted to a belt that runs from Steelpoort and Burgersfort in the northeast, to Rustenburg and Northam in the west and an outlier of the Lower and Lower Critical Zone, up to the LG4 chromitite layer, in the far western extension north of Zeerust. It is only in these areas that thick harzburgite and pyroxenite layers are developed and where chromitites of the Lower Critical Zone occur. These chromitites include the economically important c. 1 m thick LG6 and MG1 layers exposed around both the Eastern and Western lobes of the Bushveld Complex. The Upper Critical Zone has a greater lateral extent than the Lower Critical Zone and overlies but also onlaps the floor-rocks to the south of the Steelpoort area . The source of the magmas also appears to have been towards the south as the MG chromitite layers degrade and thin northward whereas the LG layers are very well represented in the North and degrade southward. Sr and Os isotope data indicate that the major chromitite layers including the LG6, MG1 and UG2 originated in a similar way. Extremely abrupt and stratigraphically restricted increases in the Sr isotope ratio imply that there was massive contamination of intruding melt which “hit the roof” of the chamber and incorporated floating granophyric liquid which forced the precipitation of chromite (Kruger 1999; Kinnaird et al. 2002). Therefore, each chromitite layer represents the point at which the magma chamber expanded and eroded and deformed its floor. Nevertheless, this was achieved by in situ contamination by roof-rock melt of the intruding Critical Zone liquids that had an orthopyroxenitic to noritic lineage. The Main Zone is present in the Eastern and Western lobes of the Bushveld Complex where it overlies the Critical Zone, and onlaps the floor-rocks to the south, and the north where it is also the basal zone in the Northern lobe. The new magma first intruded the Northern lobe north of the Thabazimbi–Murchison Lineament, interacted with the floor-rocks, incorporated sulphur and precipitated the “Platreef” along the floor-rock contact before flowing south into the main chamber. This exceptionally large influx of new magma then eroded an unconformity on the Critical Zone cumulate pile, and initiated the Main Zone in the main chamber by precipitating the Merensky Reef on the unconformity. The Upper Zone magma flowed into the chamber from the southern “Bethal” lobe as well as the TML. This gigantic influx eroded the Main Zone rocks and caused very large-scale unconformable relationships, clearly evident as the “Gap” areas in the Western Bushveld Complex. The base of this influx, which is also coincident with the Pyroxenite Marker and a troctolitic layer in the Northern lobe, is the petrological and stratigraphic base of the Upper Zone. Sr-isotope data show that all the PGE rich ores (including chromitites) are related to influxes of magma, and are thus related to the expansion and filling of the magma chamber dominantly by lateral expansion; with associated transgressive disconformities onto the floor-rocks coincident with major zone changes. These positions in the stratigraphy are marked by abrupt changes in lithology and erosional features over which succeeding lithologies are draped. The outcrop patterns and the concordance of geochemical, isotopic and mineralogical stratigraphy, indicate that during crystallisation, the Bushveld Complex was a wide and shallow, lobate, sill-like sheet, and the rock-strata and mineral deposits are quasi-continuous over the whole intrusion.

The Brunei slide: A giant submarine landslide on the North West Borneo Margin revealed by 3D seismic data

Three dimensional seismic data, offshore Brunei, provide evidence for a giant landslide with a volume of 1200 km³, an area of ∼ 5300 km² and an average thickness of ∼ 240 m. It extends for over 120 km from the Baram Canyon in ∼ 200 m water depth to the deep basin floor of the North West Borneo Trough. The landslide is a unique example of a major submarine landslide located on a steep, tectonically active margin adjacent to a large river and canyon system. The landslide is mappable using 3D seismic data, which allow detailed imaging of internal flow structures, erosional headwall and the basal sliding surface. The landslide is a complex deposit, involving a chaotic debris flow matrix, with flow structures and blocks 500 to 1000 m wide and up to 250 m thick. Imaging of the basal sliding surface reveals large striations ∼ 30-120 km long, ∼ 100-600 m wide, and ∼ 10-30 m deep that show significant amounts of basal erosion. In the landslide source area we describe fluid escape structures, gas buildups and bottom simulating reflectors, which may provide a mechanism for weakening and triggering slope failure. We also report older landslides, buried several hundred meters beneath the basin floor that indicate giant landsliding is a recurrent process in the NW Borneo Trough.     

西藏南羌塘侏罗系色哇组构造变形特征及其构造意义

班公湖—怒江洋的演化一直以来备受关注, 对于其俯冲极性有不同的认识, 前人大多从岩石学、 地球化学等方面的证据去探讨, 而缺乏构造变形的相关研究。本文以构造解析理论为指导, 通过野外大比例尺填图、 构造实测剖面等工作对研究区色哇组的构造样式、 变形期次等进行了研究。综合研究表明, 西藏热那错地区和荣玛地区侏罗系色哇组地层均发育紧闭的三级复式褶皱以及后期叠加的平缓—开阔褶皱。早期褶皱的褶皱轴近东西向展布, 板劈理近东西走向, 是南北向挤压作用的产物。在热那错地区早白垩世美日切错组火山岩角度不整合于已变形的侏罗系色哇组之上, 且色哇组紧闭褶皱的构造样式未在美日切错组火山岩中发育, 推断色哇组紧闭褶皱发生在早白垩世之前。结合研究区大地构造背景, 推断研究区内侏罗系色哇组地层的早期紧闭的三级复式褶皱是班公湖—怒江洋向北俯冲的产物, 而后期叠加的平缓—开阔褶皱可能与羌南地块和拉萨地块的碰撞有关。     

Carbonate xenoliths in La Palma: Carbonatite or alteration product?

Carbonate xenoliths containing olivine and rimmed by kaersutitic amphibole were collected in basaltic rocks of the Basal Complex of La Palma. The mineralogical composition and microscopic appearance may suggest a relationship with carbonatites in general, thus a major element, trace element and stable isotope study was conducted to investigate the origin of the carbonate formation. Based on electron microprobe analyses, the carbonate is calcite with up to 6.3 wt% MgO and 7.2 wt% SiO₂. The elevated SiO₂ content may suggest a melt origin for the carbonate. However, the C and O isotope compositions of the carbonate xenoliths (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O around −1‰ and 13‰, respectively) are similar to those of calcite veins and amygdales in basaltic rocks of the Basal Complexes of La Palma and Fuerteventura and are interpreted as produced by fluid degassing and metasomatism by CO₂-H₂O fluid derived from mobilization of sedimentary material. Trace element contents determined by laser-ablation ICP-MS analyses support the assumed origin, thus, the relationship with carbonatitic melts can be excluded. Based on trace element compositions, the amphibole surrounding the xenoliths is not related genetically to the carbonate. The elevated SiO₂ content of the calcite can be attributed to submicron relics of pyroxene, thus, the use of this feature as an evidence for melt origin is questionable.     

Petrogenesis of contact-style PGE mineralization in the northern lobe of the Bushveld Complex: comparison of data from the farms Rooipoort,Townlands, Drenthe and Nonnenwerth

In the present study, we document the nature of contact-style platinum-group element (PGE) mineralization along >100 km of strike in the northern lobe of the Bushveld Complex. New data from the farm Rooipoort are compared to existing data from the farms Townlands, Drenthe, and Nonnenwerth. The data indicate that the nature of the contact-style mineralization shows considerable variation along strike. In the southernmost portion of the northern Bushveld, on Rooipoort and adjoining farms, the mineralized sequence reaches a thickness of 700 m. Varied-textured gabbronorites are the most common rock type. Anorthosites and pyroxenites are less common. Chromitite stringers and xenoliths of calcsilicate and shale are largely confined to the lower part of the sequence. Layering is locally prominent and shows considerable lateral continuity. Disseminated sulfides may reach ca. 3 modal % and tend to be concentrated in chromitites and melanorites. Geochemistry indicates that the rocks can be correlated with the Upper Critical Zone. This model is supported by the fact that, in a down-dip direction, the mineralized rocks transform into the UG2-Merensky Reef interval. Between Townlands and Drenthe, the contact-mineralized sequence is thinner (up to ca. 400 m) than in the South. Chromitite stringers occur only sporadically, but ultramafic rocks (pyroxenites, serpentinites, and peridotites) are common. Xenoliths of calcsilicate, shale, and iron formation are abundant indicating significant assimilation of the floor rocks. Sulfides may locally form decimeter- to meter-sized massive lenses. PGE grades tend to be higher than elsewhere in the northern Bushveld. The compositions of the rocks show both Upper Critical Zone and Main Zone characteristics. At Nonnenwerth, the mineralized interval is up to ca. 400 m thick. It consists largely of varied-textured gabbronorites, with minor amounts of igneous ultramafic rocks and locally abundant and large xenoliths of calcsilicate. Layering is mostly weakly defined and discontinuous. Disseminated sulfides (<ca. 3 modal %) occur throughout much of the sequence. Geochemistry indicates that the rocks crystallized mainly from tholeiitic magma and thus have a Main Zone signature. The implication of our findings is that contact-style PGE mineralization in the northern lobe of the Bushveld Complex cannot be correlated with specific stratigraphic units or magma types, but that it formed in response to several different processes. At all localities, the magmas were contaminated with the floor rocks. Contamination with shale led to the addition of external sulfur to the magma, whereas contamination with dolomite may have oxidized the magma and lowered its sulfur solubility. In addition to contamination, some of the magmas, notably those of Upper Critical Zone lineage present at the south-central localities, contained entrained sulfides, which precipitated during cooling and crystallization.     

大陆碰撞造山带的流体成分与演化:东喜马拉雅构造结南迦巴瓦岩群高压麻粒岩的流体包裹体研究

位于喜马拉雅东构造结的南迦巴瓦岩群经历了高压麻粒岩相、中压麻粒岩相和角闪岩相三期变质作用.在高压麻粒岩中含有复杂的流体包裹体类型,按照捕获先后顺序有:H2O-CO2±CH4包裹体(Ⅰ型);CO2±CH4±N2包裹体(Ⅱ型);高盐度多相包裹体(Ш型);中.低盐度H2O包裹体(Ⅳ型)和极低密度气体包裹体或"空"包裹体(Ⅴ型).在基性麻粒岩中,被石榴石包裹石英中孤立分布的H2O-CO2 4-CH4包裹体,以及部分沿石榴石晶内裂隙分布的H2-CO2±CH4和H2O包裹体轨迹未穿过围绕石榴石的辉石 斜长石后成合晶冠状体,表明它们有可能是在麻粒岩相变质阶段捕获的.然而,所有流体包裹体的等容线均从麻粒岩相变质峰期P-T区间下方通过,说明麻粒岩相变质峰期捕获的包裹体均受到了不同程度的改造,包括部分爆裂、渗漏和流体-矿物相互作用等.现存的富CO2流体包裹体均具有较低密度,并且往往含有明显数量CH4和N2组分,不可能是麻粒岩相变质峰期捕获的包裹体.根据富CO2包裹体与具有不同相比的H2-CO2包裹体共存推测,大部分CO2包裹体是通过H2O-CO2包裹体中H2O的选择性泄漏而形成的.Ⅲ型高盐度盐水包裹体很可能是角闪岩相退变质过程中捕获的,因其等容线与退变质轨迹近于平行,这些包裹体很可能保存了其在角闪岩相阶段捕获时的原生物理化学特征.沿矿物颗粒裂隙分布的大量Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型包裹体,应该是角闪岩相或更晚期形成的次生包裹体,代表了浅成(近地表)环境的循环流体.与世界许多地区麻粒岩相岩石普遍舍高密度纯CO2流体包裹体不同,南迦巴瓦岩群高压麻粒岩以富含H2O-CO4±CH4和H2O包裹体为特征,这可能与高压麻粒岩与高温麻粒岩产出于不同的构造环境和经历的退变质轨迹有关.