地震波模拟中多轴复频移近似完全匹配层的吸收效果及稳定性

在进行地震波模拟计算的过程中用有限的计算区域模拟地下无限空间,需要进行边界截断.为了在边界处不产生虚假反射影响模拟结果,需要引入吸收边界条件.本文采用的近似完全匹配层是一种新型非分裂完全匹配层,计算效率较高.同时相比于其他非分裂完全匹配层,其还具有不改变方程的形式、易于实现等优势.但是当入射波角度较大,边界吸收效果变弱,且残留在边界中的能量使近似完全匹配层变得极其不稳定.多轴复频移近似完全匹配层的提出就是为了改善对大角度入射波的吸收并且提高边界的稳定性.通过实验模拟和矩阵特征值灵敏度来研究多轴复频移近似完全匹配层的吸收效果及稳定性.结果表明该方法不仅能够吸收掠入波,而且对常规入射波的吸收也得到提升,同时拥有更好的稳定性.     

Complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer for frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic media

Seismic anisotropy has an important influence on seismic data processing and interpretation. Although the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation has a problem of solving the large scale linear sparse matrix due to the computational limitations, it has some advantages over the time-domain seismic wavefield simulation including efficient inversion using only a limited number of frequency components and easy implementation of multiple sources. To accurately simulate seismic wave propagation in the frequency domain, we also need to choose the absorbing boundary conditions to absorb artificial reflections from edges of the model as we do in the time domain. Compared with the classical boundary conditions including the perfectly matched layer and complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer, the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer has been proven to effectively suppress the unwanted reflections at grazing incidence and solve the instability problem in the time-domain seismic numerical modelling in anisotropic elastic media. In this paper, we propose to extend the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition to the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic elastic media. To test the validity of our proposed algorithm, we compare the results (snapshots and seismograms) of the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation with those of the time-domain modelling. The model studies indicate that the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition is stable in the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic media, and provides better absorbing performance than the complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer boundary condition.     

Permian felsic magmatism in the Neoproterozoic Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex of the Malani Igneous Suite: Evidence from zircon U–Pb age

We report Permian (ca. 272 Ma ±5.4 Ma) felsic dykes that intrude into the Neoproterozoic (ca. 750 Ma) magmatic suite of the Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex (NPIC), the western extension of the Malani Igneous Suite (MIS). The NPIC consists of Neoproterozoic basement amphibolites and granites (riebeckite–aegirine gray granites and the biotite–hornblende pink granites), all of which are intruded by several generations of mafic and felsic dykes. Granitic magmatism occurred in the Late Neoproterozoic (ca. 750 Ma) due to the subduction‐, followed by the rift‐related tectonic regime during the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent. U–Th–Pb zircon and monazite CHIME age data of 700–800 Ma from the earlier generation porphyritic felsic dykes suggest the dyke intrusion was coeval or soon after the emplacement of the host granites. Our findings of Permian age orthophyric felsic dykes provide new insights for the prevalence of active tectonics in the MIS during late Paleozoic. Textural features and geochemistry also make the orthophyric dykes distinct from the early‐formed porphyritic dykes and the host granites. Our newly obtained age data combined with geochemistry, suggest the existence of magmatism along the western margin of India (peri‐Gondwana margin) during Permian. Like elsewhere in the region, the Permian magmatism in the NPIC could be associated with the rifting of the Cimmerian micro‐continents from the Gondwana.     

The 2.73 Ga I-type granites in the Lengshui Complex and implications for the Neoarchean tectonic evolution of the Yangtze Craton

ABSTRACT

We report the oldest I-type granites in the Lengshui Complex of the Yangtze Craton, providing new insights for its tectonic evolution during the Neoarchean. An approach-combined study of zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopes, as well as whole-rock element geochemistry and Nd isotopes, were employed. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating for the monzogranite sample LSG03 and LSG16 yielded ages of 2732 ± 13 Ma and 2738 ± 25 Ma, respectively. The more precise age of 2732 ± 13 Ma for the sample LSG03 was taken as the crystallization age of the monzogranite. These rocks have high SiO₂ (73.11–74.01 wt%), K₂O (3.93–5.48 wt%), Na₂O (3.93–4.86 wt%) and low CaO (0.30–0.69 wt%), MgO (0.17–0.30 wt%), TiO₂ (0.14–0.17 wt%), P₂O₅ (0.01–0.06 wt%), Al₂O₃ (14.11–14.37 wt%) content with weakly peraluminous affinity (A/CNK = 1.04–1.11). Geochemically, they belong to I-type granites, indicating partial melting of a thickened lower crust. Their relatively high Nb/Ta (15.2–34.8) ratios further suggest they formed under eclogite-facies conditions. The consistent whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopic compositions indicate a homogeneous source. According to their ε_Hf(t) values (?2.0 to 0.8), two-stage Hf model ages (3.1 to 3.2 Ga) and positive ε_Nd(t) (1.4 to 2.1), we argue that they were probably generated by partial melting of a juvenile lower crust with little ancient materials. Monzogranites formed in a late-orogenic or collisional compressive tectonic regime, whereas subsequent ca. 2.73 Ga and 2.67–2.62 Ga A-type granites in the Zhongxiang Uplift (including the Lengshui Complex) may represent a prolonged extensional setting. Thus, Archean subduction (probably unlike modern subduction) likely occurred prior to ca. 2.73 Ga. Similar magmatism in the Kongling Complex implies that the Zhongxiang Uplift may have accrete to the Kongling Complex during the early Neoarchean. The transition from I-type to A-type magmatism may have resulted from a change in the geodynamic regime from the late-orogenic or collisional compressive environment to an extensional environment caused by the subsequent lithospheric collapse and mantle upwelling, suggesting an early Neoarchean orogenic event in the eastern Yangtze Craton.     

赞皇杂岩翁城地区长城系常州沟组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素研究

常州沟组是华北克拉通太古宙-古元古代变质基底上最早的沉积盖层之一,其碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素特征分析对探讨长城系形成时代、源区特征以及基底演化均具有重要的研究意义。本文对华北克拉通中部赞皇杂岩瓮城地区长城系常州沟组底部砂岩样品进行了LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石 U-Pb定年和LA-MC-ICP-MS碎屑锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析。砂岩样品中碎屑锆石主要年龄峰值约为2500 Ma,推断其碎屑物质主要来自于华北克拉通新太古代晚期变质基底,而最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为1822 Ma,结合赞皇杂岩变质基底普遍经历了1850~1800 Ma变质作用以及区域上上覆大红峪组火山岩中1635 Ma结晶锆石年龄,限定瓮城地区长城系常州沟组沉积时代为1 800~1 635 Ma。砂岩样品中碎屑锆石的εHf(t)值变化于-6.8~+5.2之间,相应的两阶段模式年龄峰值约为2820 Ma,结合赞皇杂岩已发表的2900~2700 Ma岩浆锆石和碎屑锆石Hf同位素结果,进一步表明2900~2700 Ma为赞皇杂岩地壳生长最主要的时期。综合太行山中南部地区已发表的长城系常州沟组的沉积学与新的年代学数据,推测赞皇杂岩瓮城地区长城系常州沟组沉积于陆内裂谷盆地。     

机载双天线InSAR复图像自动配准研究

干涉雷达复图像之间的精确配准是提高雷达干涉测量精度的关键之一。对于机载双天线干涉雷达系统,精确的地形高程测量需要精确的干涉相位来保证,从而要求干涉复图像在亚像元级的精确配准。为了使两幅机载双天线InSAR复图像之间配准精度达到亚像元级以及提高运算效率,在分析前人算法的基础上,分别采用基于快速傅里叶变换(FFT)复相关精配准算法以及基于过采样图像的精配准方法对机载双天线InSAR复图像进行精配准试验和比较,生成了干涉条纹图,并进行了相干性分析。试验结果表明,机载双天线复图像相干性很高、偏移量较小;对于机载双天线复数据而言,这两种方法都可以有效地实现复图像数据的高精度配准,但是从配准精度以及算法运行时间来看,基于FFT的复相关精配准算法较优,运算效率更高,且更具实用性。     

Controls on the first appearance of jadeitic pyroxene, northern Diablo Range, California

A reaction producing jadeitic pyroxene in metagreywackes of the northern Diablo Range has been identified on the basis of mineral distribution, isograd patterns and composition of coexisting minerals. The appearance of jadeitic pyroxene (∼Jd₈₀) is closely followed by the disappearance of pumpellyite, which indicates that pumpellyite plays a major role in the pyroxene-producing reaction. A new projection from hematite, lawsonite, chlorite, quartz and H₂O on to the NaAlO₂-FeO-MgO ternary confirms the role of pumpellyite in pyroxene production and suggests a reaction of the form: 1.00 pumpellyite + 0.31 chlorite + 8.71 albite + 0.70 hematite + 2.00 H₂O = 8.54 jadeite + 0.57 glaucophane + 3.09 lawsonite + 5.26 quartz. Metagreywackes of the northern Diablo Range were metamorphosed under conditions of P _H2O= P _total at 200-300 °C and 7.5-10.0 kbar. Despite the low temperatures attained during metamorphism, the assumption of equilibrium yields results consistent with field observations and phase relations.     

Numerical tools for geoscience computations: Semiautomatic differentiation—SD

This paper presents a differentiation method [referred to here as semiautomatic differentiation (SD)] based on generalization and extension of the Squire and Trapp formula for complex differentiation of real-valued functions. The performance of the generalized formulas for first-order derivatives is tested and compared with manual, automatic (AD), and finite difference (FD) techniques. My results show that, in terms of accuracy, the SD technique is competitive with AD, and in terms of implementation simplicity, it is identical to the FD method with the added advantage of being step-size insensitive and, hence, free from the step-size dilemma that plagues FD. Using central differencing in the complex plane, I extend the SD method to second-order derivatives, thus enabling approximation of the Hessians. Performance of the extension formulas is evaluated and compared with AD and FD methods. The results indicate that the differencing operation reduces the accuracy of the extension formulas by four to five orders of magnitude below that of the original Squire and Trapp formula. Nonetheless, compared to FD schemes, the SD method is six to seven orders of magnitude more accurate in all tests conducted. In addition, the extension formulas exhibit step-size (h) insensitive behavior over the entire h-range of the tests (1–10⁻³⁰), indicating high numerical stability of the schemes. I show by examples that SD provides a complete differentiation system that is computationally stable, efficient, highly accurate, and easy to implement.     

A local groundwater divide in a regional system

This paper presents an analytical solution of a groundwater flow problem involving a local drainage system embedded in a regional system. As an extension of the usual complex variable methods it combines the planes of the hodograph and the Zhukovsky function. This combination of basic parameters appears to be useful for problems involving a free water table and horizontal potential lines. The solution may elucidate the relation between local and regional water divides.