水成铀矿床含矿层中地浸成因的地球化学障

以层状淋滤成因铀矿床为例，研究主要成矿元素和伴生元素在地浸液向未变化的自然水过渡界限上的行为。这里确定了中和地球化学障以及与它有关的次级障──去气障、中和障等。在这些障上进行着铀、稀土元素和一系列其它元素的现代堆积。指出了这一过程中地下微生物的作用。测定了赋矿陆源岩石的中和容量。评估了所研究体系中物质的带出、迁移和再沉淀的规模。作出的主要结论是：所研究的地质介质具有足够的保护性质，以对抗地浸液的直接的、强烈的作用。     

Mobility of arsenic and trace element inventories in sediment cores from Masuda City,southwestern Japan

The vertical distribution of arsenic and other trace and major elements has been studied in four sediment cores from Masuda City, Nagashima and Okite in the Shimane Prefecture of southwestern Japan. The sediment cores were also subjected to leaching techniques and ¹⁴C dating. The stratigraphic sequences in the cores consist of silt and sandy silt at top, passing downward into gray to black clays. Elevated values of As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and V are present in several horizons while abundances of these elements tend to be higher in the black and gray clays, probably due to adsorption onto clay sediments. Higher concentrations of Fe and total sulfur (TS) occur in black clays. The correlations of the trace metals with iron suggest their adsorption onto Fe (oxy)hydroxides, whereas correlations with sulfur in some cores indicate that they were precipitated as Fe-sulfides. Age determinations suggest that clay horizons at ∼5 m depth were deposited at around 5,000 and 6,000 years BP (¹⁴C ages) during the transgressive phase of sea level change. The results of the leaching techniques in the core samples show that higher amounts of As were extracted with deionized water. Even at neutral pH, As can be released from sediments to groundwater, and therefore groundwater pollution is a concern in Masuda City and the surrounding area.     

A comparison of selective extraction soil geochemistry and biogeochemistry in the Cobar area, New South Wales

In parts of the deeply weathered and semi-arid environments of the Cobar area (NSW, Australia), detection of mineralisation using conventional soil sampling and total metal analysis is impeded. This is due to the intense leaching of trace elements within the weathered profile, discontinuous coverage of transported materials and the existence of diffuse regional geochemical anomalies of ill-defined source. Selective chemical extractions, applied to various regolith components, and biogeochemistry offer a means of isolating localised geochemical patterns related to recent dispersion of trace elements through the overburden. Lag geochemical patterns across the McKinnons deposit (Au) and Mrangelli prospect (Pb–Zn–As) reflect mechanical dispersion processes and minor hydromorphic effects. Concentrations of more mobile elements tend to be higher in the non-magnetic fraction, due to higher proportions of goethite and poorly crystalline hematite than in the magnetic fraction. The subdued soil geochemical responses for metals extractable by cold 40% hydrochloric acid (CHX) and for total element concentration reflect the leached nature of the residual profile, low grade of mineralisation, dilution by aeolian components and disequilibrium of fine fractions with coarser, relict Fe-oxides. The stronger contrast for CHX for most metals, compared with total extraction, indicates surface accumulation of trace elements derived from underlying mineralisation. Enzyme leach element anomalies are intense but generally located directly over bedrock sources or major structural breaks, irrespective of the nature of the overburden. Though mechanisms for the dispersion of trace elements extracted by enzyme leaching are not well established, the lack of lateral transport suggests vertical migration of volatile metal species (atmimorphic dispersion). The strong, multi-element response to mineralisation in cypress pine needles indicates significant metal recycling during the present erosional cycle. However, a comparison of the trace element concentrations in vegetation (cypress pine needles) and selective extractions of soils indicates that recycling by the plants is not the dominant mechanism for transportation of metals through the overburden. The vegetation may be responding to hydromorphic dispersion patterns at depth. The use of selective extractions may be useful in detecting mineralisation through deeply leached profiles, but offers even greater potential when integrated with biogeochemistry to detect targets buried by significant thickness of transported cover.     

Sustainable Construction Case History: Fly Ash Stabilization of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Material

A case history is described where Class C fly ash was used to stabilize recycled pavement material (RPM) during construction of a flexible pavement in Waseca, MN, USA. The project consisted of pulverizing the existing hot-mix asphalt (HMA), base, and subgrade to a depth of 300 mm to form RPM, blending the RPM with fly ash (10% by dry weight) and water, compacting the RPM, and placement of a new HMA surface. California bearing ratio (CBR), resilient modulus (M_r), and unconfined compression (q_u) tests were conducted on the RPM alone and the fly ash stabilized RPM (SRPM) prepared in the field and laboratory to evaluate how addition of fly ash improved the strength and stiffness. After 7 days of curing, SRPM prepared in the laboratory had CBR ranging between 70 and 94, M_r between 78 and 119 MPa, and q_u between 284 and 454 kPa, whereas the RPM alone had CBR between 3 and 17 and M_r between 46 and 50 MPa. Lower CBR, M_r, and q_u were obtained for SRPM mixed in the field relative to the SRPM mixed in the laboratory (64% lower for CBR, 25% lower for M_r, and 50% lower for q_u). In situ falling weight deflectometer testing conducted 1 year after construction showed no degradation in the modulus of the SRPM, even though the SRPM underwent a freeze–thaw cycle. Analysis of leachate collected in the lysimeter showed that concentrations of all trace elements were below USEPA maximum contaminant levels.     

铀离子选择性电极的研制及其在溶浸工作中的应用

本文详细介绍了一种新的铀离子选择性电极的研制过程。电极由三辛胺萃取ＵＯ２（ＳＯ４）４－３形成的三辛胺－ＵＯ２（ＳＯ４）３离子缔合物为电活性物质,以三辛胺为离子交换剂构成。其结构简单,在铀含量为５×１０－５－１×１０－２ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１范围内有良好的线性关系,响应斜率接近Ｎｅｒｎｓｔ理论值。本电极已初步应用于溶浸液中铀含量的测定     

Expérimentation et modélisation de la lixiviation de l'azote nitrique dans un sol sableux

We performed two column experiments to study the impact of different levels of irrigation intensity on the leaching of nitric nitrogen. The experiment was run on a soil packed column and using 200 kg?N/ha as fertilization rate for the first column, and none for the second. In parallel, we carried out digital simulations (mechanist model) to study the transfer of nitrogen through the studied columns followed by an application of the model to various amounts of nitrogen. The impact study of successive irrigations showed that these contribute to the transport and the accumulation of nitric nitrogen of the upper layers towards the deeper layers. The quantity of nitric nitrogen N–NO₃ drained by scrubbing was about 191 kg?N/ha for the first column, and 15 kg?N/ha for the second. In addition, the numerical simulations revealed that the precision of the model is satisfactory with an over-estimation of about 20%. To cite this article: M. Ibnoussina et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

论碳酸盐岩现代风化壳和古风化壳

从地质学关于风化作用的基本原理和观点出发,结合作者以往的研究成果,进一步论述了碳酸盐岩现代和古风化壳形成和基本特征问题;运用"将今论古"地质学基本方法,应用作者关于溶蚀-交代由基岩到土体等体积成土作用的理论,解决了100多年以来铝土矿地质学家一直争论不休的钙红土成因的铝土矿的物源问题;研究指出,碳酸盐岩风化壳是一种耗散结构系统,组成该系统的各单元构成一个整体、且具有不可替代的功能和作用;作者特别强调了水-岩、岩-土界面上溶滤层的关键作用,据此从成因上解释了红粘土为何具有高孔隙(孔隙度、孔隙比)特性.     

论四川盆地三叠系盐类热融水溶变质对找钾方向的控制

四川盆地蕴藏丰富的盐卤资源。从盆地海相三叠系盐类大量的热融、水溶变质资料 ,阐述了它对盆地三叠系找钾方向的控制 ,提出开辟富钾卤水———液态钾矿的找钾工作 ,是四川盆地至为重要的找钾新方向     

Leaching characteristics of fly ash

The disposal of fly ash as a byproduct of thermic power stations, results in significant environmental problems. The leaching of coal fly ash during disposal is of concern for possible contamination, especially for the aquatic environment when ash is in contact with water. The aim of this study was to investigate the leaching behaviour of fly ashes currently disposed in Kemerkoy Power Plant (Turkey) fly-ash-holding pond. The studies were conducted with fly ashes from the electrostatic precipitators (fresh fly ash) and from the fly ash pond (pre-leached fly ash). The fly ashes has alkaline in nature and pH ranges between 11.9 to 12.2. The pre-leached fly ash exhibited lower EC values (7,400 µS) than the fresh fly ash (10,300 µS). In contrast to Fe and Pb, the elements such as Cr, Cd, Cu and Co did not leach from the fly ash. The Ca and Mn concentrations decreased with increasing temperature whereas, Na and K concentrations increased. The results showed that the most important effects of fly ash leaching were pH, Na, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Mn and Pb.