Numerical modelling of strain in lava tubes

Received: 5 November 1998 / Accepted: 17 November 1999     

铯原子喷泉钟均匀C场的实现

C场均匀度是影响铯原子喷泉钟性能的重要因素。为了消除漏磁等对磁场均匀度的影响,加入补偿线圈,通过用最小二乘法计算,逐次得出补偿线圈的个数、位置与电流。实验表明：计算数据与实验结果吻合,得到c场不均匀性小于2nT、长度达48cm的均匀区。     

未来月球熔岩管科研工作站能源供给的数值模拟

在月球熔岩管内建立科研工作站可以避免很多自然灾害, 因此月球熔岩管长期被认为是人类探索月球建造科研基地的理想场所.Apollo 15和Apollo 17实测资料表明月表具有极低的导热系数, 所以月球风化层的温度在深度超过50 cm的区域保持在较低的恒定值(~250 K).因此, 在熔岩管内建立科研工作站需要考虑维持人类宜居温度的供热问题.在不考虑熔岩管轴向热量流失的情况下, 本文建立了二维瞬态热传导的有限元数值模型, 定量研究了位于赤道和极地地区的单位轴向长度(1 m)熔岩管加热到宜居温度的时间、维持在宜居温度所需要的供给功率以及利用太阳能给熔岩管供电等问题.结果表明, 对于直径为20 m的单位长度的管洞, 在Apollo测量点和极地地区分别采用6280 W及16328 W的加热功率一个月球日内就可以将其加热到宜居温度(~293.15 K).在维持宜居温度阶段, 熔岩管壁热量在向四周传递的同时热流也在逐渐减小.结果也表明, 为了节约能源, 月球科学研究站应建在赤道地区平均温度较高、深度较深、直径较大的熔岩管处.而且如果在熔岩管壁处增加0.5 m厚度的风化层作为绝热层可以进一步减小加热功率和热量损失.因此, 在加热阶段位于赤道地区直径为20 m且含绝热层的熔岩管在前三年需要20L~120L W(L(m)为实际熔岩管的轴向长度)的加热功率和0.06L~0.4L m²的太阳能电池板.3年后, 仅需15L W的功率和0.05L m²的太阳能电池板即可满足室温需求.我们的研究将为今后在月球熔岩管内建立科学研究基地提供科学指导.

     

疏勒河流域昌马灌区泉水量预测分析

疏勒河流域农业灌溉主要采用地表水灌溉 ,泉水为该区农业灌溉的主要水源之一 ,该文利用 2 0世纪 90年代的测流资料 ,采用有限差分方法对疏勒河中游泉水量的变化趋势进行预测分析 ,结果显示 ,随着时间的延长 ,泉流量呈逐渐减小的趋势 ,但下降梯度逐渐变小 ,最终趋于稳定     

Lava flow hazard at Nyiragongo volcano,D.R.C.

The 2002 eruption of Nyiragongo volcano constitutes the most outstanding case ever of lava flow in a big town. It also represents one of the very rare cases of direct casualties from lava flows, which had high velocities of up to tens of kilometer per hour. As in the 1977 eruption, which is the only other eccentric eruption of the volcano in more than 100 years, lava flows were emitted from several vents along a N–S system of fractures extending for more than 10 km, from which they propagated mostly towards Lake Kivu and Goma, a town of about 500,000 inhabitants. We assessed the lava flow hazard on the entire volcano and in the towns of Goma (D.R.C.) and Gisenyi (Rwanda) through numerical simulations of probable lava flow paths. Lava flow paths are computed based on the steepest descent principle, modified by stochastically perturbing the topography to take into account the capability of lava flows to override topographic obstacles, fill topographic depressions, and spread over the topography. Code calibration and the definition of the expected lava flow length and vent opening probability distributions were done based on the 1977 and 2002 eruptions. The final lava flow hazard map shows that the eastern sector of Goma devastated in 2002 represents the area of highest hazard on the flanks of the volcano. The second highest hazard sector in Goma is the area of propagation of the western lava flow in 2002. The town of Gisenyi is subject to moderate to high hazard due to its proximity to the alignment of fractures active in 1977 and 2002. In a companion paper (Chirico et al., Bull Volcanol, in this issue, 2008) we use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of reducing lava flow hazard through the construction of protective barriers, and formulate a proposal for the future development of the town of Goma.     

Extrusive carbonatites: A brief review

49 known extrusive carbonatite occurrences are listed with brief details of their tectonic setting, structure, lithologies, associated silicate rocks, chemistry and presence or absence of included mantle materials. Half the occurrences appear to be related to tephra cones, tuff rings, diatremes and maars and the rest occur within strato-volcanoes. Pyroclastic carbonatitic rocks are present at all the localities, with carbonatite lava flows occurring at only 14 of them. The pyroclastic rocks, which include fallout tephra and deposits from pyroclastic surges and flows and products of phreatomagmatic eruptions, vary from rocks composed principally of carbonate to varieties with as little as 20% igneous carbonate. The most abundant silicate rocks associated with extrusive carbonatites are melilite-bearing rocks, nephelinite and/or ijolite, and phonolite and/or nepheline syenite; seven occurrences have no associated silicate rocks. 16 occurrences, most of them associated with small extrusive centres, contain mantle xenoliths or megacrysts, details of which are tabulated, with spinel lherzolite the most abundant rock type, but amphibole, phlogopite and garnet are also recorded. The lack of such materials in intrusive carbonatites may reflect their less energetic environment of emplacement. It is proposed that carbonatites are essentially of two types: (a) those rising energetically and rapidly from the mantle, which form small explosion craters, ash or tuff cones, or diatremes, have only low-volume associated silicate rocks, and entrain mantle debris, and (b) those which occur in strato-volcanoes, are associated with large volumes of silicate rocks and follow a more complex genesis, probably involving ponding and differentiation (separation from carbonate-bearing silicate magma) at higher levels in the mantle and/or crust. Most of the classic intrusive carbonatite complexes probably fall into the second category.     

上海光机所小喷泉铷钟的设计和进展

对上海光机所正在研制的小喷泉铷钟及目前正在进行的工作作了介绍.该小喷泉铷钟吸收了原子喷泉的许多新技术,采用紧凑的结构设计,加入空心光束以提高探测原子数.预期该喷泉的准确度为10-14,短、长稳分别为10-13和10-15,信噪比为103.实验室完成了冷原子物理的准备工作,已经俘获冷原子团.     

Discriminating lava flows of different age within Nyamuragira’s volcanic field using spectral mixture analysis

In this study, linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is used to characterize the spectral heterogeneity of lava flows from Nyamuragira volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo, where vegetation and lava are the two main land covers. In order to estimate fractions of vegetation and lava through satellite remote sensing, we made use of 30 m resolution Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Advanced Land Imager (ALI) imagery. 2 m Pleiades data was used for validation. From the results, we conclude that (1) LSMA is capable of characterizing volcanic fields and discriminating between different types of lava surfaces; (2) three lava endmembers can be identified as lava of old, intermediate and young age, corresponding to different stages in lichen growth and chemical weathering; (3) a strong relationship is observed between vegetation fraction and lava age, where vegetation at Nyamuragira starts to significantly colonize lava flows ∼15 years after eruption and occupies over 50% of the lava surfaces ∼40 years after eruption. Our study demonstrates the capability of spectral unmixing to characterize lava surfaces and vegetation colonization over time, which is particularly useful for poorly known volcanoes or those not accessible for physical or political reasons.     

Spectral properties of volcanic materials from hyperspectral field and satellite data compared with LiDAR data at Mt. Etna

Spectral properties of volcanic materials in the optical region (350–2500 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum are analyzed. The goal is to characterize air-fall deposits, recent lava flows, and old lava flows based on their spectral reflectance properties and on the textural characteristics (grain size) of pyroclastic deposits at an active basaltic volcano. Data were acquired during a spectroradiometric field survey at Mt. Etna (Italy) in summer 2003 and combined with hyperspectral satellite (Hyperion) and airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data. In addition, air-fall deposits produced by the highly explosive 2002–2003 eruption have been sampled and spectrally characterized at different distances from the new vents. The spectral analysis shows that air-fall deposits are characterized by low reflectance values besides variations in grain size. This distinguishes them from other surface materials. Old lava flows show highest reflectance values due to weathering and vegetation cover. The spectral data set derived from the field survey has been compared to corrected satellite hyperspectral data in order to investigate the Hyperion capabilities to differentiate the surface cover using the reflectance properties. This has allowed us to identify the 2002–2003 air-fall deposits in a thematic image just few months after their emplacement. Moreover, the observed differences in the field spectra of volcanic surfaces have been compared with differences in the signal intensity detected by airborne LiDAR survey showing the possibility to include information on the texture of volcanic surfaces at Mt. Etna. The approach presented here may be particularly useful for remote and inaccessible volcanic areas and also represents a potentially powerful tool for the exploration of extraterrestrial volcanic surfaces.     

基于热流变运动学模型的长白山熔岩流数值模拟

热流变运动学模型是熔岩流复杂流动过程模拟的一种方法,其通过热量系统和地形的计算来模拟熔岩流的流动速度、温度变化和流动距离等.本文以气象站期碱流岩的野外调查数据为依据,应用该模型对其进行模拟研究.通过对模拟结果的分析发现,速度变化趋势与地形坡度变化趋势一致,但随着流动过程中黏度的增大,地形影响作用逐渐减小.在热量系统中,辐射热和微晶结晶热分别为熔岩流流动中最多的热损失和热增加.气象站期碱流岩模拟计算的最终流动距离为5.17 km,这与实测约5.4 km的长度相近.模拟计算结果与观测研究的认识和地质资料相吻合,说明了模拟方法的可行性和结果的可信性.此项工作的开展可为熔岩流的地质研究提供借鉴,为火山区熔岩流灾害区划提供新的思路和方法.