The Holocene Secche di Lazzaro phreatomagmatic succession (Stromboli,Italy): evidence of pyroclastic density current origin deduced by facies analysis and AMS flow directions

The edifice of Stromboli volcano gravitationally collapsed several times during its volcanic history (>100 ka–present). The largest Holocene event occurred during the final stage of the Neostromboli activity (∼13–5 ka), and was accompanied by the emplacement of phreatomagmatic and lahar deposits, known as the Secche di Lazzaro succession. A stratigraphic and paleomagnetic study of the Secche di Lazzaro deposits allows the interpretation of the emplacement and the eruptive processes. We identify three main units within the succession that correspond to changing eruption conditions. The lower unit (UA) consists of accretionary lapilli-rich, thinly bedded, parallel- to cross-stratified ash deposits, interpreted to indicate the early stages of the eruption and emplacement of dilute pyroclastic density currents. Upward, the second unit (UB) of the deposit is more massive and the beds thicker, indicating an increase in the sedimentation rate from pyroclastic density currents. The upper unit (UC) caps the succession with thick, immediately post-eruptive lahars, which reworked ash deposited on the volcano’s slope. Flow directions obtained by Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) analysis of the basal bed of UA at the type locality suggest a provenance of pyroclastic currents from the sea. This is interpreted to be related to the initial base-surges associated with water–magma interaction that occurred immediately after the lateral collapse, which wrapped around the shoulder of the sector collapse scar. Upward in the stratigraphy (upper beds of UA and UB) paleoflow directions change and show a provenance from the summit vent, probably related to the multiple collapses of a vertical, pulsatory eruptive column.     

利用地震层析成象技术确定横向非均匀介质中的速度分布和界面位置

本文提出一种横向非均匀介质中的地震层析成象方法，由地震走时资料确定介质的速度分布和界面位置。计算中采用了参数分离、变阻尼、奇异值分解等技术，方程的解较稳定，且可得到解的分办。除反射波外，该方法还可同时利用分析波的资料。因此，适宜于折射及宽角度反射地震测深剖面的资料处理。数字试验结果表明，在模型内部，该方法能得到可靠的反演结果。在边界附近效果较差，受初始值影响较大。     

不同洞口位置节能砌块隐形密框复合墙体恢复力模型研究

为研究洞口位置对节能砌块隐形密框复合墙体滞回特性的影响,对6个采用低周反复加载方式的1/2缩尺试件的试验现象及数据进行分析。基于试验结果和现有恢复力模型理论,对试验数据进行拟合分析,利用退化四折线模型和回归方法,建立节能砌块隐形密框复合墙体的四折线恢复力模型。试验结果表明:当洞口位于墙体中间时,试件滞回环愈加丰满,试件初始刚度有所增加,承载力衰减速率减小,卸载刚度退化速率变慢。通过对骨架曲线特征参数的计算,并和试验骨架曲线对比,两者吻合较好,表明该恢复力模型可以较好的反映出不同洞口位置对其滞回特性的影响,可为节能砌块隐形密框复合墙体的弹塑性分析及工程应用提供参考。     

设防水准对框架-剪力墙结构土建成本的影响

本文按不同设防烈度设计10层框架-剪力墙结构,计算其不同设防烈度下的土建成本。在设防烈度8度以下,设防水准提高一个等级,土建成本增加比例小于8.61%,增加成本占房屋售价的比例小于0.75%。采用框架-剪力墙结构土建成本较小的增加,可获得设防水准一个等级的提高。从另一个角度说,在减少建筑面积很小的情况下,房屋的抗震设防水准可获得一个等级的提高。     

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A THREE-STOREY UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING DURING THE 1992 ERZİNCAN EARTHQUAKE

Seismic performance of a three-storey unreinforced masonry building which survived the 1992 Erzincan earthquake without damage is evaluated. Mechanical properties of the masonry walls have been determined experimentally by using identical brick and mortar used in construction. An accurate material model is developed for masonry and employed in a computer program for the non-linear dynamic analysis of masonry buildings. The analytical results based on measured material properties indicated that masonry buildings which satisfy basic seismic code requirements possess remarkable lateral strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity. Accordingly, a simple elastic design approach is rendered suitable for unreinforced masonry under seismic excitations, provided that realistic material properties are employed in design.     

Study on determination of stress level by seismic stress drops and the stress axis deflections before and after large earthquakes

Introduction The study of tectonic stress field, a major branch of the Earth science, plays an important role in geodynamics. The world stress map plan started from 1980s and was leaded by Zoback. Lots of scientists from many countries participated this plan. The plan collected global tectonic stress measurements and research results and established global stress database. The world stress map was edited based on the global stress database. The world stress map reflected feature of global li…     

Post-earthquake investigation on several geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls and slopes during the Ji-Ji earthquake of Taiwan

This paper gives an overview on the application of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures in Taiwan. Taiwan has an unique topography and geotechnical conditions that rendered a less conservative and more challenging design compared to that of North America, Europe and Japan. The Ji-Ji (Chi-Chi) earthquake of 1999 gave an opportunity to examine the behavior of reinforced soil structures. The performance of several modular-block reinforced soil retaining walls and reinforced slopes at the vicinity of the fault was evaluated. Reinforced structures performed better than unreinforced soil retaining walls. The failure cases were highlighted and the cause of failure was identified. The lack of seismic design consideration could be a major cause of failure. The compound failure mode, the inertia force of the blocks, and the connection stiffness and strength relative to the large dynamic earth pressure, were among major items that would warrant further design consideration.     

空腔结构复合填充墙-钢框架抗侧力性能试验研究

通过空腔结构复合填充墙-钢框架和同尺寸纯钢框架的对比试验，分析了空腔结构复合填充墙-钢框架的抗侧力性能和滞回性能。研究结果证明空腔结构复合填充墙是一种理想的抗侧力体系，可用于多层或小高层钢结构住宅，作为结构的抗侧力构件。     

带暗支撑T形截面短肢剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

通过6个1：2缩尺的T形截面带暗支撑短肢剪力墙模型的低周反复荷载试验研究,分析比较了带暗支撑T形截面短肢剪力墙和普通T形截面短肢剪力墙的承载力、刚度及其衰减过程、延性、耗能、滞回特性及破坏特征。试验表明,加设钢筋混凝土暗支撑可显著提高T形截面短肢剪力墙的抗震性能。     

A simple prediction model for wall deflection caused by braced excavation in clays

Deep excavations particularly in deep deposits of soft clay can cause excessive ground movements and result in damage to adjacent buildings. Extensive plane strain finite element analyses considering the small strain effect have been carried out to examine the wall deflections for excavations in soft clay deposits supported by retaining walls and bracing. The excavation geometry, soil strength and stiffness properties, and the wall stiffness were varied to study the wall deflection behavior. Based on these results, a simple Polynomial Regression (PR) model was developed for estimating the maximum wall deflection. Wall deflections computed by this method compare favorably with a number of field and published records.