Rock glaciers in the northern Japanese Alps: palaeoenvironmental implications since the Late Glacial

In order to determine the palaeoclimatic and palaeo‐permafrost conditions in the northern Japanese Alps in central Japan, the ages of rock glaciers were investigated by relative age dating techniques such as weathering‐rind thickness and Schmidt hammer measurements. The results of the relative age dating suggest that the formation of the investigated rock glaciers may have started during the early phase of the Late Glacial or around the onset of the Holocene. The lower limit of current discontinuous permafrost in the northern Japanese Alps, which is indicated by the terminus of the lowest active/inactive rock glacier, lies at 2530 m a.s.l., while that of discontinuous permafrost during the Late Glacial or early phase of the Holocene, which is indicated by the terminus of the lowest relict rock glacier, lies at 2220 m a.s.l. Therefore, the lower limit of discontinuous permafrost during these periods would have been at least about 300 m lower than that of the current discontinuous permafrost. Climatic and geomorphological conditions during the Late Glacial led to a change in the environment from a glacial environment to a periglacial (permafrost) environment in the current alpine zone of the northern Japanese Alps. A large number of cirques were deglaciated and several of them were occupied by active rock glaciers around the onset of the Holocene. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The C20 highly branched isoprenoid biomarker – A new diatom-sourced proxy for summer trophic conditions?

The exact biological source of the C₂₀ highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) present in sediments from aquatic systems is unclear. We therefore examined the relationship between the distribution of fossil diatoms and the concentration of the C₂₀ HBI in a Late Glacial sedimentary record from the Hässeldala Port paleolake in southern Sweden. Using Bayesian multiple linear regression analysis, we show that its concentration is linked primarily to the production of the diatom taxon Gomphonema acuminatum, which accounts for the largest proportion of the temporal variability in the biomarker. By analogy with modern observations, we argue that an increasing amount of G. acuminatum biomass in our sedimentary record reflects increasing oligotrophy in the paleolake during the summer growing season, especially at times defined by subdued hydrologic flow. Our conclusions are corroborated by the δ¹³C composition of the C₂₀ HBI biomarker, which points to a negative photosynthetic fractionation between atmospheric CO₂ and the pool of dissolved inorganic carbon during diatom bloom, a distinct phenomenon at times of inhibited hydrological flow. Accordingly, we suggest that the C₂₀ HBI biomarker can be effectively used to reconstruct the trophic state of the paleolake at Hässeldala Port, while its stable isotope composition can provide physicochemical information about the lake conditions during the dry summer season.Moreover, we note that the major hydrological shifts recorded in the G. acuminatum-C₂₀ HBI stratigraphy do not coincide with the pollen zone boundaries. We thus infer that aquatic and terrestrial environmental responses to climate change are substantially decoupled through the hydrological system, which highlights the necessity for multi-proxy investigations to decipher past climate events.     

Florida Bay: Modern analogue for Lofer cyclothems?

Lofer cyclothems of the Alpine Upper Triassic have many features in common with Holocene sediments of Florida Bay. The modal ‘complete’ Lofer cycle is essentially symmetrical, having a deepening and shoaling phase, as does the cycle-in-progress in Florida Bay. Lateral discontinuity and thickness variations within members of the Lofer cyclothems indicate syn-depositional relief, possibly in the form of mud banks, the signature feature of Florida Bay sedimentation. Spatial and temporal dimensions, although poorly constrained, appear comparable. Analogous depositional textures, biota and sedimentary structures, while not unique to either environment, strengthen the inferences that can be made about the Triassic depositional environment and regarding future evolution of the modern environment. The striking similarities between the Holocene icehouse sediments and the Late Triassic greenhouse deposits suggest that sedimentation patterns at the scale of individual cycles or parasequences may be largely independent of the global climate regime.     

甘肃北山红石山地区晚石炭世英云闪长岩锆石U- Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

本文以出露于红石山—百合山蛇绿混杂岩带南侧的英云闪长岩体为研究对象,通过野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学、锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年代学研究,探讨其成因、构造环境及红石山洋俯冲消亡过程。岩石地球化学研究表明,红石山南英云闪长岩体富硅（SiO2=63. 95%～66. 22%）、高铝（Al2O3=15. 31%～16. 61%）、富钠（Na2O=3. 73%～4. 33%）、低钾（K2O=1. 00%～1. 85%）,相对高锶（Sr=246. 0×10-6～417. 0×10-6）、低钇（Y=8. 83×10-6～11. 80×10-6）,富集Rb、Sr等大离子亲石元素和LREE,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素,HREE相对亏损,无明显Eu异常。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,为俯冲洋壳脱水熔融的产物。锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb测年表明,红石山南英云闪长岩体的形成年龄为306. 9～309. 9 Ma,表明该岩体侵位于晚石炭世,反映了红石山—百合山缝合带晚石炭世大洋俯冲带岩浆作用事件,进一步约束了红石山洋俯冲时限。结合红石山—百合山缝合带石炭纪蛇绿岩、石炭纪—二叠纪岛弧型岩浆岩和早二叠世末期（275 Ma）的辉长岩和花岗岩侵位及早—中二叠世双堡塘组下部的角度不整合均反映了红石山洋盆的闭合过程（辛后田等,2020）,表明红石山洋盆在晚石炭世并未关闭,而是处于大洋俯冲消减和陆壳增生过程中。     

华北克拉通北缘三叠纪金矿床地质特征、物质来源与控制因素SCIEI北大核心CSCD

三叠纪是华北克拉通重要的成矿期,三叠纪金矿主要分布在华北克拉通北缘,构成一条近东西向延伸、长约1500km的金成矿带,其中包括乌拉山-大青山、张家口、冀东-辽西、青城子及夹皮沟等多个金矿集中区。华北克拉通北缘三叠纪金矿带的赋矿围岩主要为新太古代-中元古代变质岩系和中生代花岗岩类,金矿床以石英脉型矿化为主,伴随蚀变岩型矿化;中、西段金矿集中区矿化组合表现为金或金钼矿化,东段则以金多金属矿化为主。同位素年代学资料表明,该带金矿主要形成于晚三叠世(240~220Ma);流体包裹体特征表明,成矿流体具中温、低盐度、低密度特征,属于H_(2)O-NaCl-CO_(2)±CH_(4)体系,相分离作用可能是石英脉型金矿金沉淀的主要机制;氢-氧同位素组成进一步表明,成矿流体早期为岩浆水或变质水,后期混入了大气降水。矿石碳、硫、铅、氦-氩同位素及金矿集中区内成矿相关岩体的钕、铪同位素组成表明,华北克拉通北缘三叠纪金矿床的成矿流体和成矿物质均与壳-幔混合作用有关,其中,幔源物质及流体的贡献与区域三叠纪岩浆活动有关,壳源组分的贡献主要来自前寒武纪变质围岩。金矿床形成的构造背景整体上与中亚造山带造山后伸展作用有关:晚三叠世,华北北缘受中亚造山带碰撞后伸展作用的影响,发生岩石圈首次减薄事件,同时发育多条深大断裂及碱性花岗岩-碱性岩的侵入活动,为大规模区域金矿的形成提供了优越条件。金矿带的东段可能同时受扬子克拉通与华北板块碰撞作用的影响,是造成其与中、西段金矿集中区成矿特征有一定差异的主因。     

古亚洲洋东段洋盆闭合与后造山伸展——来自内蒙古苏尼特右旗中三叠世A型花岗岩的证据

内蒙古苏尼特右旗查干楚鲁A型二长花岗岩位于索伦-林西缝合带内,侵位于早二叠世哈冷岭SSZ型蛇绿构造混杂岩(带)中。本文对其进行系统的野外地质特征、岩石学、地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究,旨在厘定岩体成因和形成的构造背景,为古亚洲洋东段洋盆闭合时限提供证据。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示查干楚鲁二长花岗岩侵位于中三叠世(245.9±1.3 Ma);岩体含较多碱性长石,暗色矿物以黑云母为主,见晶洞构造;地球化学研究显示,该岩体高硅(SiO₂=76.75%～77.18%)、富碱(Na₂O+K₂O=8.19%～8.62%),贫钙(CaO=0.40%～0.44%)和镁(MgO=0.03%～0.05%);负Eu异常显著(δEu=0.03～0.09), Rb、Th、U、K、Ga元素较富集,而Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素相对亏损,且10 000 Ga/Al(2.72～3.52)、~TFeO/MgO(29.16～57.82)、(Na₂O+K₂O)/CaO(15.08～21.39)值较高...     

大兴安岭北段富克山岩浆弧的组成:对蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋南向俯冲的制约

富克山岩浆弧呈北东向分布于大兴安岭北段富克山—古莲河一带,其物质组成、形成时代及其空间展布规律对于研究蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋晚三叠世地质构造演化具有重要意义。本文对其内的辉长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长岩进行了岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb定年分析研究,探讨大兴安岭北段晚三叠世时期的构造背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得辉长岩、花岗闪长岩的结晶年龄分别为(205.7±2.2) Ma、(203.2±2.5) Ma,反映了晚三叠世的构造岩浆事件。岩石学和地球化学研究表明,辉长岩、闪长岩具有富钠、高铝、高钙、高镁、高Mg^#值、低钛等特征,属于拉斑系列与钙碱性过渡系列岩石,无明显的Eu负异常,相对富集LILE和LREE,亏损HFSE。花岗闪长岩具有高硅、富钠、高铝、低镁等特征,属于钙碱性系列岩石,高Sr,低Y、Yb,无明显的Eu负异常,显示了O型埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征。富克山岩浆弧的空间展布,具有由北向南的分布规律,指示了蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋具有往南的俯冲极性。     

Types, Petrophysical Properties and Pore Evolution of Late Ediacaran Microbial Carbonates, Tarim Basin, NW China

The Upper Ediacaran microbial carbonates of the Tarim Basin are potential reservoir geobodies for future hydrocarbon exploration with rising interest in exploration for deeply-buried reserves. However, little knowledge has been acquired on the types of microbial carbonates that are present, the properties of the reservoir and the pore evolution, hampering predictions of high-quality reservoirs in these carbonates. Integrated with petrography and in-situ U-Pb dating geochronology analyses, this study aims to clarify the types of microbial carbonates present and to reconstruct the pore evolution processes of the potential reservoir rocks. The Upper Ediacaran microbial carbonates of the Tarim Basin can be divided into four types, based on their features in terms of different scales (macro- to micro-): microbial laminite, stromatolite, spongiomicrobialite and microbial-peloidal wackestone/mudstone. Petrophysical properties show that all these microbial carbonates have low porosity and very low permeability with poor connectivity. These carbonates were subject to long-term and complex diagenetic processes, mainly consisting of dissolution, compaction, pervasive dolomitization, cementation and fracturing. The most important reservoir spaces are contributed by vugs and dissolution-enlarged pores, which are likely to have been associated with the widespread uplift of the Aksu area in the terminal Ediacaran. In contrast, the cementation of the fine-to-medium crystalline dolomite greatly reduced the pre-existing pores. Pore types are closely related to different microbial fabrics, which played an important role in the pore evolution of the microbial carbonates.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部晚三叠世辉绿岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部中奥陶统马家沟组灰岩内部发育多条辉绿岩脉。辉绿岩富集高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf等,具有板内拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征,其地球化学数据显示原始岩浆经历过比较强烈的结晶分异演化。对辉绿岩的锆石进行U-Pb LA-ICP-MS测年获得的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为750~195 Ma。根据峰值年龄并结合区域地质资料,本文把辉绿岩的形成年龄确定为224 Ma(晚三叠世)。辉绿岩反映鄂尔多斯盆地西南部在晚三叠世处于类似大陆裂谷的伸展构造环境,晚三叠世西邻陇山地区发生的强烈碰撞后伸展作用也可能有助于进一步强化鄂尔多斯盆地西南部的伸展构造环境。当时该地区岩石圈的稳定性相对较弱,为该地区后续的早侏罗世和早白垩世岩浆活动提供了物质基础。晚三叠世及后期的岩浆活动提高了鄂尔多斯盆地西南部的地温梯度并加快了该地区烃源岩的热演化进程,可能对该地区的油气成藏条件造成潜在影响。     

中国北方中生代逆冲推覆构造研究进展

推覆构造是陆内构造变形中地壳缩短的重要方式之一, 是记录盆山结合带-造山带形成演化过程的重要载体。中国北方位于中亚造山带南部及周缘地区, 分布了多个逆冲推覆构造带。本文通过对这些推覆构造相关的几何学、运动学和年代学等资料的综合收集分析, 梳理了中国北方众多中生代逆冲推覆构造的时空展布特征、形成时代及形成机制等。在空间展布上, 这些推覆构造沿中国北方近东西向展布, 推覆距离几十~几百公里不等, 属于浅层次脆性变形。在形成时代上, 这些推覆构造的时代可以和燕山运动主挤压变形期相对应, 分为早(170~160 Ma)和晚(150~135 Ma)两期。在动力学机制上, 本文将推覆体可分为东西两段, 西段主体的逆冲方向为北东—南西向, 可能受控于鄂霍次克洋闭合和班公湖—怒江缝合带闭合的综合影响; 东段主体逆冲方向为北西—南东向, 可能主要受控于鄂霍茨克洋的闭合与古太平洋板块俯冲的远程应力影响。