青藏高原东北缘龙首山晚新生代多阶段构造隆升的盆地记录

龙首山地区位于青藏高原与阿拉善地块的结合部位,其盆山演化过程和断裂带扩展模式的恢复对揭示青藏高原新生代北东向生长具有重要意义。本文基于龙首山南北两麓3个新近系沉积剖面的构造特征和5个砂岩样品的碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素LA-ICP-MS年龄结果,重建了青藏高原东北缘龙首山地区晚新生代的盆山演化过程。研究结果显示,龙首山地区晚新生代沉积-构造演化经历了3个主要阶段：（1）~14Ma,龙首山南缘断裂带活化,阿拉善地块南缘沿此断裂逆冲于张掖盆地之上,张掖盆地开始接收阿拉善地块的物源;（2）~5Ma,龙首山南缘断裂带的次级断裂开始发育,使龙首山南侧山麓白垩系开始剥露并为张掖盆地提供物源,同时,龙首山北缘断裂带活化并导致潮水盆地发生挠曲沉降,接收龙首山的物源;（3）5~2.5Ma,龙首山北缘断裂带的次级断裂开始发育,导致龙首山北麓白垩系开始剥露并为潮水盆地提供物源。通过对龙首山周缘盆地沉积相和物源开展分析,本研究反演了龙首山地区中新世以来的断裂带活动和山体隆升过程,表明在14~2.5Ma,随着龙首山南缘断裂、北缘断裂的活化和次级断裂的发育,龙首山经历了3次强烈的隆升,这对揭示青藏高原北东向的扩展过程具有重要的指示意义。

     

东昆仑拉陵高里河沟脑地区晚三叠世花岗闪长斑岩年代学、岩石地球化学及Hf同位素特征

本文对东昆仑拉陵高里河沟脑花岗闪长斑岩开展详细的全岩地球化学、LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素研究,确定其形成时代,并探讨其岩石成因及成岩构造背景。结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄为231. 1±1. 2 Ma,指示其侵位于晚三叠世早期。全岩K2O/Na2O值为0. 69～0. 71,Mg#值为40. 5～41. 6,里特曼指数σ为1. 90～2. 09,A/CNK=1. 01～1. 03,属弱过铝质中—高钾钙碱性岩石系列。岩石的轻重稀土元素分异明显,(La/Yb)N值为19. 54～25. 52,具弱负Eu异常（δEu为0. 96～0. 97）,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等,具有高的Sr含量(606. 0×10-6～647. 9×10-6)和Sr/Y值(60. 38～62. 99),较低的Y(9. 62×10-6～10. 66×10-6)和Yb(0. 86-6～0. 92×10-6)含量,显示Adakite（高锶低钇中酸性岩）的地球化学特征。锆石Hf同位素εHf(t)值介于-6. 93~-2. 94,地壳模式年龄（TDM2）范围为1. 45~1. 70 Ga。综合分析表明,拉陵高里河沟脑花岗闪长斑岩形成于东昆仑洋壳俯冲末期至局部碰撞的转换阶段,岩浆源于高压条件下的加厚下地壳部分熔融。     

内蒙古阿拉善右旗杭嘎勒晚二叠世二长花岗岩地球化学特征和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年

杭嘎勒晚二叠世二长花岗岩富碱,贫MgO、TFeO、CaO,轻稀土元素明显富集,具弱负Eu异常,显示I型花岗岩的特点。Nb、Sr 、P、Ti元素亏损,显示出与俯冲有关的侵入岩特征。在R1-R2图解上,大部分样品集中在碰撞前与碰撞后花岗岩区的分界处,以碰撞前为主;在Nb-Y图解上,样品落在火山弧-同碰撞花岗岩区;在Rb-（Y+Nb）图解上,样品点落在火山弧花岗岩区;在Rb-Hf-Ta图解上,样品全部落在弧系统岩石区。主体岩石中锆石Th/U值高,显示出岩浆锆石的特征,稀土元素总量高,重稀土元素富集明显,球粒陨石标准化图解曲线左倾,与岩浆锆石稀土元素配分曲线总体特征趋于一致。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明其年龄为（253.5±7.9）Ma。杭嘎勒晚二叠世二长花岗岩为碰撞前火山弧花岗岩,研究区在晚二叠世时属于活动大陆边缘的火山弧。     

第四系的正式地位和定义初步确定

国际地层委员会最新表决通过第四系为系级年代地层单位,它位于新近系之上,底界由意大利西西里岛的Monte San Nicola"金钉子"定义,也就是由定义格拉斯阶底界的"金钉子"来定义,年龄值约为2.59Ma;更新统的底界也下移到这个位置,格拉斯阶划归更新统,长期争论的第四系的地位和定义问题有望得到解决。     

四川后高坪地区晚泥盆世植物和遗迹化石的新发现

在扬子板块西缘后高坪地区新发现植物化石Cyclostigma kiltorkense(平圆印木)和Lepidodendropsis hirmeri(希氏拟鳞木),以及遗迹化石Zoophycos(动藻迹)和Chondrties(丛藻迹),据此及相关地层和沉积相标志,确定该地层时代为晚泥盆世,沉积环境为由早期为滨岸较粗碎屑岩和浅海中上部细碎屑岩沉积,晚期为碳酸盐台地相。     

Late Pleistocene sea-level oscillations (MIS 10–2) recorded in shallow marine and coastal plain sediments of the southern Wanganui Basin, New Zealand

The northern Wanganui Basin, New Zealand, is one of the key global sites for understanding marine cyclic sedimentation during the Quaternary. This paper presents the first evidence of marine cyclic sedimentation from its central-southern parts. Sedimentological, micropalaeontological and palynological analyses on a 280-m-deep borehole encountered units dating back to MIS 10. The sequence includes four marine cycles spanning MIS 9–5, which are overlain by terrestrial fluvial aggradation surfaces dating from MIS 4–2. Each marine unit represents a progressively shallowing depositional environment from the mid-shelf to coastal plain. This is overlain by a terrestrial sequence of lowstand fluvial terraces. Localized fault movements appear to have influenced the sedimentary character of the sequence during MIS 7a and 5e producing basement highs which provided protection to the shoreline. The cyclothems described in this paper now extend the already extensive, previously described record from MIS 17–10 to produce a combined eustatic record of Quaternary sea level change within the basin to MIS 5. They also provide an excellent example of the sedimentary response of a coastal basin to a progressive loss of sedimentation accommodation space.     

Late Cenozoic transpressional ductile deformation north of the Nazca–South America–Antarctica triple junction

The southern Andes plate boundary zone records a protracted history of bulk transpressional deformation during the Cenozoic, which has been causally related to either oblique subduction or ridge collision. However, few structural and chronological studies of regional deformation are available to support one hypothesis or the other. We address along- and across-strike variations in the nature and timing of plate boundary deformation to better understand the Cenozoic tectonics of the southern Andes.Two east–west structural transects were mapped at Puyuhuapi and Aysén, immediately north of the Nazca–South America–Antarctica triple junction. At Puyuhuapi (44°S), north–south striking, high-angle contractional and strike-slip ductile shear zones developed from plutons coexist with moderately dipping dextral-oblique shear zones in the wallrocks. In Aysén (45–46°), top to the southwest, oblique thrusting predominates to the west of the Cenozoic magmatic arc, whereas dextral strike-slip shear zones develop within it.New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar data from mylonites and undeformed rocks from the two transects suggest that dextral strike-slip, oblique-slip and contractional deformation occurred at nearly the same time but within different structural domains along and across the orogen. Similar ages were obtained on both high strain pelitic schists with dextral strike-slip kinematics (4.4±0.3 Ma, laser on muscovite–biotite aggregates, Aysén transect, 45°S) and on mylonitic plutonic rocks with contractional deformation (3.8±0.2 to 4.2±0.2 Ma, fine-grained, recrystallized biotite, Puyuhuapi transect). Oblique-slip, dextral reverse kinematics of uncertain age is documented at the Canal Costa shear zone (45°S) and at the Queulat shear zone at 44°S. Published dates for the undeformed protholiths suggest both shear zones are likely Late Miocene or Pliocene, coeval with contractional and strike-slip shear zones farther north. Coeval strike-slip, oblique-slip and contractional deformation on ductile shear zones of the southern Andes suggest different degrees of along- and across-strike deformation partitioning of bulk transpressional deformation.The long-term dextral transpressional regime appears to be driven by oblique subduction. The short-term deformation is in turn controlled by ridge collision from 6 Ma to present day. This is indicated by most deformation ages and by a southward increase in the contractional component of deformation. Oblique-slip to contractional shear zones at both western and eastern margins of the Miocene belt of the Patagonian batholith define a large-scale pop-up structure by which deeper levels of the crust have been differentially exhumed since the Pliocene at a rate in excess of 1.7 mm/year.     

The postglacial history of three Picea species in New England, USA

Given the difficulty of separating the three Picea species—P. glauca, P. mariana, and P. rubens (white, black, and red spruce)—in the pollen record, little is known about their unique histories in eastern North America following deglaciation. Here we report the first use of a classification tree analysis (CART) to distinguish pollen grains of these species. It was successfully applied to fossil pollen from eight sites in Maine and one in Massachusetts. We focused on the late glacial/early Holocene (14,000 to 8000 cal yr B.P.) and the late Holocene (1400 cal yr B.P. to present)—the two key periods since deglaciation when Picea has been abundant in the region. The result shows a shift from a Picea forest of P. glauca and P. mariana in the late glacial to a forest of P. rubens and P. mariana in the late Holocene. The small number of P. rubens grains identified from the late glacial/early Holocene samples (<5%) suggests that that species was either absent or rare at most of the sites. The occurrence and distribution of the three species do not reveal any geographic or temporal trend during late glacial time, but the data suggest that they were distributed in local patches on the landscape. The results of this study indicate that the recent population expansion of Picea (1000 to 500 cal yr B.P.) was likely the first time since deglaciation that P. rubens was abundant in the region.     

西藏札达盆地晚上新世—早更新世孢粉组合及其地质意义

札达盆地位于青藏高原西南隅的阿里地区,是在中新世晚期约9.6 Ma B.P.形成的一个NW—SE向断陷盆地。该盆地在上新世—早更新世发育一套完整的河湖-冲积扇相地层。在札达县香孜乡西北约1 km处精细实测了上上新统—下更新统香孜剖面。根据前人的古地磁及ESR年龄数据确定下更新统香孜组年龄为2.60~1.67 Ma B.P.。根据孢粉学研究把香孜剖面自下而上划分为3个孢粉组合带(8个孢粉组合),并据此将札达盆地2.75 Ma B.P.以来的气候变化划分为3个阶段:(1)孢粉组合带Ⅰ(孢粉组合1~2),植被为温暖偏湿的常绿与落叶针阔叶混交林,2.67 Ma以后气候逐渐向干旱转变,地层对比时代为晚上新世(2.75~2.60 Ma);(2)孢粉组合带Ⅱ(孢粉组合3~5),发育温凉偏湿的亚高山落叶针阔叶混交林,并在约2.38 Ma逐渐变为针叶林,气候趋向变冷,地层对比时代为早更新世(2.54~2.16 Ma);(3)孢粉组合带Ⅲ(孢粉组合6~8),发育寒冷干旱的高山针叶林,并存在高寒灌丛草甸草原,低海拔处零星分布落叶针阔叶混交林,指示较强的地势差异,地层对比时代为早更新世(2.13~1.86 Ma)。