A Scenario of the Late-Pleistocene-Holocene Changes in the Distributional Range of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba)

Abstract. Oceanographic evidence along with the data on Euphausia superba distribution indicate that the reproductive range of this species is related to the southernmost core of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), the Weddell Gyre, the Ross Gyre, and the systems of mesoscale eddies in the Bellingshausen Sea, in the Prydz Bay area. and the D'Urville Sea. During the Last Glaciation Maximum, at ca. 18 ka BP, both the Weddell and the Ross Gyres as well as near-coastal circulations probably lost their importance in the maintenance of Antarctic krill populations due to cooling of the water column and development of multi-year sea ice. Within the ACC at that time, some smaller-scale circulations related to islands and seamounts could have played a major role in controlling krill distribution. If, nevertheless. refugia for self-maintained krill populations remained in the near-coastal zone, particularly in the eastern Indian sector, geographical isolation might have caused divergence between the two species of the gregarine Cephaloidophora commonly infesting krill at present.     

Last glacial maximum climate inferences from cosmogenic dating and glacier modeling of the western Uinta ice field, Uinta Mountains, Utah

During the last glacial maximum (LGM), the western Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah were occupied by the Western Uinta Ice Field. Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be surface-exposure ages from the terminal moraine in the North Fork Provo Valley and paired ²⁶Al and ¹⁰Be ages from striated bedrock at Bald Mountain Pass set limits on the timing of the local LGM. Moraine boulder ages suggest that ice reached its maximum extent by 17.4 ± 0.5 ka (± 2σ). ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al measurements on striated bedrock from Bald Mountain Pass, situated near the former center of the ice field, yield a mean ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be ratio of 5.7 ± 0.8 and a mean exposure age of 14.0 ± 0.5 ka, which places a minimum-limiting age on when the ice field melted completely. We also applied a mass/energy-balance and ice-flow model to investigate the LGM climate of the western Uinta Mountains. Results suggest that temperatures were likely 5 to 7°C cooler than present and precipitation was 2 to 3.5 times greater than modern, and the western-most glaciers in the range generally received more precipitation when expanding to their maximum extent than glaciers farther east. This scenario is consistent with the hypothesis that precipitation in the western Uintas was enhanced by pluvial Lake Bonneville during the last glaciation.     

国际第四纪地质学研究进展

与人类环境关系密切的第四纪地质学在“过去的全球变化”研究中取得了一系列重要进展，主要体现在对末次冰期旋回的高分辨率环境保护的提，高精度分析方法的建立、气候不稳定性的发现与研究以及穿越赤道的南北半球对比研究的开始等。     

末次盛冰期冰盖对全球季风活动的非对称性影响

将新研发的南京信息工程大学地球系统模式(NUIST Earth System Model version 1,NESM1)首次应用于古气候模拟中,在Paleoclmate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III(PMIP3)框架下设计了工业革命前(Pre-industrial,PI)、末次盛冰期(Last Glacial Maximum,LGM)和增加大陆冰盖(Ice sheets,IS)试验,验证了模式对工业革命前气候和LGM时期气候的模拟能力,并通过增加大陆冰盖试验分析了其对全球季风活动的非对称性影响。结果表明:与PI时期相比,LGM时期的温度和降水均有显著改变。其中,全球平均温度比PI时期降低了4.7℃,全球平均降水减少了0.3 mm·d~(-1),降水对温度变化的敏感性约2.3%·℃~(-1),这与其他耦合模式结果一致。末次盛冰期大陆冰盖对其气候变化有重要贡献,冰盖引起的地表反照率改变与地形抬升作用导致全球平均气温下降1.2℃,降水量减少0.06 mm·d~(-1)。进一步分析表明,末次盛冰期冰盖对全球气候的影响还具有显著南北半球差异,所导致的温度降低和降水减少主要集中在北半球,其中北半球的降温更是高达南半球的5倍;引起北半球季风区年平均降水减少0.24 mm·d~(-1),降水年较差减小0.34 mm·d~(-1),而南半球变化很小。这是由于北半球大幅降温导致的低层水汽含量减小,并与大陆冰盖引起的欧洲大陆和北美大陆反气旋环流共同作用而影响季风活动。在夏季,减少的低层水汽含量与减弱的季风环流使夏季降水显著减少;而在冬季,加强的季风环流能部分抵消水汽含量减小的作用,故冬季降水稍微减弱。此外,在欧洲大陆和北美大陆附近对流层低层反气旋环流作用下,导致亚欧和北美季风活动区域减小。     

松宗古湖——藏东南帕隆藏布江末次盛冰期 发育的一个冰川堰塞湖*

青藏高原东南部帕隆藏布江松宗地区晚更新世期间发生了一次可以识别的支谷冰川阻江形成冰川堰塞湖——松宗古湖的事件。松宗滑坡处的湖相沉积剖面厚度≥88m,其中厚达18.33m并具湖相沉积代表性的连续粉质粘土层底部和顶部的光释光年龄分别为22.5±3.3kaB.P.和16.1±1.7kaB.P. , 属末次盛冰期。松宗滑坡处河谷两侧冰碛台地与湖相沉积的接触关系和空间特征指示该湖相沉积与末次盛冰期董曲支谷冰川阻塞帕隆藏布江有关。湖相地层的剖面沉积特征揭示出这个冰川堰塞湖可能贯穿于整个末次盛冰期,但整个帕隆藏布并没有形成统一的山谷冰川。     

New age constraints for the limit of the British–Irish Ice Sheet on the Isles of Scilly

The southernmost terrestrial extent of the Irish Sea Ice Stream (ISIS), which drained a large proportion of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet, impinged on to the Isles of Scilly during Marine Isotope Stage 2. However, the age of this ice limit has been contested and the interpretation that this occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) remains controversial. This study reports new ages using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of outwash sediments at Battery, Tresco (25.5 ± 1.5 ka), and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating of boulders overlying till on Scilly Rock (25.9 ± 1.6 ka), which confirm that the ISIS reached the Isles of Scilly during the LGM. The ages demonstrate this ice advance on to the northern Isles of Scilly occurred at ∼26 ka around the time of increased ice‐rafted debris in the adjacent marine record from the continental margin, which coincided with Heinrich Event 2 at ∼24 ka. OSL dating (19.6 ± 1.5 ka) of the post‐glacial Hell Bay Gravel at Battery suggests there was then an ∼5‐ka delay between primary deposition and aeolian reworking of the glacigenic sediment, during a time when the ISIS ice front was oscillating on and around the Llŷn Peninsula, ∼390 km to the north. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Quaternary Science Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Scottish early Holocene vegetation dynamics based on pollen and tephra records from Inverlair and Loch Etteridge,Inverness-shire

This paper presents the results of an investigation of early Holocene cryptotephra layers recovered from sediments in two kettle-hole basins at Inverlair (Glen Spean) and Loch Etteridge (Glen Fernisdale). Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) of shards from two cryptotephra layers revealed that the uppermost layer in both sequences has a composition similar to the An Druim tephra, first reported from a site in Northern Scotland. We present evidence that distinguishes the An Druim from the chemically very similar early Holocene Ashik tephra. The lowermost layer at Inverlair matches the composition of the Askja-S tephra found in the Faroe Islands, Ireland, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland. This is the first published record of the Askja-S tephra from mainland Scotland. As at other sites, the Askja-S seems to mark a short-lived climatic deterioration, most likely the Pre-Boreal Oscillation: at Inverlair it occurs just above an oscillation represented by a reduction in LOI values and in the abundance of Betula pollen, and by a peak in Juniperus pollen. The lowermost layer at Loch Etteridge has a Katla-type chemistry and extends through the upper part of the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas/GS-1) Stadial to the Stadial/Holocene transition; it may represent a composite layer which merges the Vedde and Abernethy tephras. One of the key conclusions is that the glacial-melt deposits in the vicinity of Inverlair (kames and kame terraces) were ice-free by c. 10.83 ka (the age of the Askja-S), providing a limiting age on the disappearance of LLR ice in Glen Spean.     

末次冰期河流下切行为对气候变化的响应模式

末次冰期是距离人类最近的一次冰期,气候异常寒冷且存在高频高幅波动,河流系统如何响应冰期气候的变化值得关注与研究。基于河流系统对气候变化的敏感响应,传统的经典地貌理论认为河流下切在河流阶地形成过程中起着至关重要的作用,河流的下切行为发生在间冰期或者冰期向间冰期的过渡阶段,堆积行为发生于冰期,然而近年来最新的河流地貌研究成果表明,末次冰期河流下切较为普遍。首先对河流阶地形成的传统模式进行总结分析,认为单纯的构造驱动模式存在不合理性,气候也发挥着重要的调节作用;单一的气候变化无法驱动多级且高差较大阶地的形成,地壳抬升往往是必要因素;气候变化是引发河流堆积-下切行为转换形成河流阶地的关键因素。其次通过前人的研究案例总结出末次冰期河流下切行为响应气候变化的三种模式：(1)气候的高度不稳定性引发大规模的洪水事件驱动河流快速下切;(2)快速隆升区气候高频波动叠加构造抬升驱动河流下切;(3)沿海平原地区海平面大幅度下降驱动河流下切。这三种模式对于理解末次冰期河流系统对短尺度高频气候变化的响应以及对河流阶地成因的判断具有十分重要的指导意义。     

雅鲁藏布江中游杰德秀古湖的发现及其意义

在雅鲁藏布江中游山南宽谷段发现了一套湖相沉积地层,形成时代为晚更新世晚期,为冰川阻江形成的堰塞湖沉积物。野外调查发现该套湖相地层在桑日县、乃东县、扎囊县等地均有出露,综合研究认为其为一个东起桑日县扎巴村、西至贡嘎机场附近的大型古堰塞湖泊,面积达700多km2。通过区域调查,该堰塞湖形成的湖相沉积地层在贡嘎县杰德秀镇出露最厚,厚10余m,主要由粉砂质黏土层、细砂层组成,水平纹层等湖相沉积特征明显,本研究称之为杰德秀古湖。杰德秀剖面顶部14C日历校正年龄为15 680～15 105 aBP,属于末次盛冰期。对比林芝古湖、格嘎古湖和松宗古湖等雅鲁藏布江下游堰塞湖的沉积物特征和形成时间,认为杰德秀古湖发育于末次盛冰期。沉积相特征和湖水库容量模拟分析表明,该堰塞湖发育时期,雅鲁藏布江中游山南宽谷段并未完全封闭,为一个湖水面积巨大的过水湖或吞吐湖,类似于现代过水水库。桑日县扎巴村雅鲁藏布江河谷两岸分布有冰碛物,其与雅鲁藏布江中游山南宽谷段的湖相沉积地层的时空关系指示杰德秀古湖与冰川阻塞河道有关,杰德秀古湖是由于冰川阻江形成的冰川堰塞湖。研究结果也进一步说明,雅鲁藏布江现代水系形成以前,其中游不存在面积巨大的众多古湖泊,雅鲁藏布江也不是溯源侵蚀疏干多个古湖泊而形成的,在古湖泊形成之前,雅鲁藏布江已经贯通。雅鲁藏布江流域内的古湖泊是由于气候变化、新构造运动或地震活动等原因造成河道堵塞形成的堰塞湖。     

末次冰期最盛时期以来中国东部边缘海潮波系统演变过程的模拟研究

在系统地研究了中国东部边缘海区引潮力、入射潮波、科氏力、水下地形、海岸形态及磨擦作用等因素对区域潮波系统形成影响的基础上,确定了中国东部边缘海岸轮廓是区域潮波系统形成的主导因素,认为模拟末次冰期最盛时期以来中国东部边缘海区潮波系统的形成过程需要3个重要的控制性条件,即入射潮波、海岸线变迁过程和海面变化曲线。利用中国东部边缘海潮波系统与海岸演变模拟支持系统,对末次冰期最盛时期以来30个时期中国东部边缘海区潮波系统的形成与演变过程进行了模拟再现研究,系统地恢复了在不同的海面高程、不同的岸线形态条件下全日潮、半日潮潮汐分布特征。模拟结果显示,末次冰期最盛时期以来,12400aB.P.和7500aB.P.两个时间界限分别代表了旋转潮波系统－无潮点开始出现、中国东部边缘海潮波系统现代格局基本奠定这两个特征事件的发生时间,将中国东部边缘海潮波系统的演变过程划分为3个发展时期。