Early Holocene deglaciation of the eastern coast of Hudson Bay

The final stage of deglaciation of Hudson Bay was a major Holocene catastrophic event marked by the drainage of Lake Agassiz/Ojibway at ~ 8.47 ka cal BP and the rapid collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Previous work undertaken in the Nastapoka River area (eastern Hudson Bay) demonstrated that during the relative sea level highstand that shortly followed the drainage of the lake, the western margin of the Québec–Labrador ice sector rapidly retreated eastward to reach a stillstand position in a coastal hill range. In this study, an analysis of Landsat 7TM images has allowed a mapping of large-scale glacial landforms (outwash deposits, eskers, flutings, and De Geer and Rogen moraines) between Kuujjuaraapik (SE Hudson Bay) and Puvirnituq (NE Hudson Bay). The key results from this mapping are: i) ice-contact outwash deposits mapped along the entire arc-shaped coastline of the eastern Hudson Bay outline a major ice stillstand phase in the coastal hills that extended at least from Kuujjuaraapik to Inukjuak. The presence of these hills allowed a stabilisation of the ice margin that led to the accumulation of thick and extensive ice-contact submarine fans. ii) The position of these deposits on the down ice side (west) of large sets of flutings indicates an important phase of sediment delivery by a rapid ice flow phase toward a marine-based ice margin. iii) A second system of outwash deposits observed farther inland indicates a subsequent phase of stabilisation of the ice margin during its retreat toward central Québec–Labrador.     

Late Weichselian fluvial evolution on the southern Kara Sea Shelf, North Siberia

Glaciations had a profound impact on the global sea-level and particularly on the Arctic environments. One of the key questions related to this topic is, how did the discharge of the Siberian Ob and Yenisei rivers interact with a proximal ice sheet? In order to answer this question high-resolution (1–12 kHz), shallow-penetration seismic profiles were collected on the passive continental margin of the Kara Sea Shelf to study the paleo-drainage pattern of the Ob and Yenisei rivers. Both rivers incised into the recent shelf, leaving filled and unfilled river channels and river canyons/valleys connecting to a complex paleo-drainage network.These channels have been subaerially formed during a regressive phase of the global sea-level during the Last Glacial Maximum. Beyond recent shelf depths of 120 m particle transport is manifested in submarine channel–levee complexes acting as conveyor for fluvial-derived fines. In the NE area, uniform draping sediments are observed. Major morphology determining factors are (1) sea-level fluctuations and (2) LGM ice sheet influence. Most individual channels show geometries typical for meandering rivers and appear to be an order of magnitude larger than recent channel profiles of gauge stations on land.The Yenisei paleo-channels have larger dimensions than the Ob examples and could be originated by additional water release during the melt of LGM Putoran ice masses.Asymmetrical submarine channel–levee complexes with channel depths of 60 m and more developed, in some places bordered by glacially dominated morphology, implying deflection by the LGM ice masses. A total of more than 12,000 km of acoustic profiles reveal no evidence for an ice-dammed lake of greater areal extent postulated by several workers. Furthermore, the existence of the channel–levee complexes is indicative of unhindered sediment flow to the north. Channels situated on the shelf above 120-m water depth exhibit no phases of ponding and or infill during sea-level lowstand. These findings denote the non-existence of an ice sheet on large areas of the Kara Sea shelf.     

柳夼剖面末次冰期层段Rb/Sr的不稳定变化及其揭示的气候特征

位于山东半岛北部成山头附近的末次冰期地层,被称为“柳夼红层”。在野外调查的基础上,选择柳夼剖面进行工作,其末次冰期地层主要由沙丘砂与古土壤或湖积层叠覆堆积组成,地质时代为13.1―78.9 ka BP。根据铷、锶、Rb/Sr和矿物组成的分析结果,得出结论如下：1）不稳定矿物尤其是钾长石和斜长石等分解释放出铷、锶,释放量随着风化作用加强而增加。地球化学行为的差异使铷在风化过程中被吸附而锶淋失,导致铷的质量分数在沉积相中表现为沙丘砂＜砂质古土壤＜湖积层＜粉砂质古土壤,锶则表现为沙丘砂＞湖积层＞砂质古土壤＞粉砂质古土壤。2）铷、锶和Rb/Sr在层段上呈现出明显的峰谷变化,将末次冰期的气候波动特征呈现为LKS4、LKS2的寒冷期和LKS3的温暖期,LKS3又可划分为LKS3b的寒冷期和LKS3c、LKS3a的温暖期,体现了万年尺度的气候波动特征。这些暖阶段同步于中国季风区葫芦洞石笋记录的夏季风强盛期和65°N 7月份天文辐射总量的高峰,冷阶段对应于夏季风减弱期和天文辐射总量低谷,表明柳夼剖面末次冰期的气候变化是太阳辐射量和东亚夏季风格局共同影响下的结果。     

A comparison of PMIP2 model simulations and the MARGO proxy reconstruction for tropical sea surface temperatures at last glacial maximum

Results from multiple model simulations are used to understand the tropical sea surface temperature (SST) response to the reduced greenhouse gas concentrations and large continental ice sheets of the last glacial maximum (LGM). We present LGM simulations from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, Phase 2 (PMIP2) and compare these simulations to proxy data collated and harmonized within the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface Project (MARGO). Five atmosphere–ocean coupled climate models (AOGCMs) and one coupled model of intermediate complexity have PMIP2 ocean results available for LGM. The models give a range of tropical (defined for this paper as 15°S–15°N) SST cooling of 1.0–2.4°C, comparable to the MARGO estimate of annual cooling of 1.7 ± 1°C. The models simulate greater SST cooling in the tropical Atlantic than tropical Pacific, but interbasin and intrabasin variations of cooling are much smaller than those found in the MARGO reconstruction. The simulated tropical coolings are relatively insensitive to season, a feature also present in the MARGO transferred-based estimates calculated from planktonic foraminiferal assemblages for the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These assemblages indicate seasonality in cooling in the Atlantic basin, with greater cooling in northern summer than northern winter, not captured by the model simulations. Biases in the simulations of the tropical upwelling and thermocline found in the preindustrial control simulations remain for the LGM simulations and are partly responsible for the more homogeneous spatial and temporal LGM tropical cooling simulated by the models. The PMIP2 LGM simulations give estimates for the climate sensitivity parameter of 0.67°–0.83°C per Wm⁻², which translates to equilibrium climate sensitivity for doubling of atmospheric CO₂ of 2.6–3.1°C.     

耦合模式ICM模拟的近千年气候特征

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所季风系统研究中心发展的气候模式(Integrated Climate Model,ICM)开展了近千年气候模拟试验,考察了模式对过去千年温度和大气涛动变化的模拟,并分析了全球季风百年到千年尺度的变化。结果表明:模式对百年尺度气候变率有较好的模拟能力,900~1200年北半球平均表面温度偏高,1500~1800年温度偏低,模拟的北半球、南半球平均表面温度都呈现出了19世纪至2000年的快速增暖。模式对大气涛动百年尺度变化的模拟与重建资料存在较大的不同。全球季风在850~1050年、1150~1200年和1300~1420加强,在1210~1300年和1600~1850年减弱。1875~2000年全球季风指数呈直线上升趋势。中世纪气候异常期(MWP)季风强度在全球大部分季风区域增加,小冰期(LIA)则相反。20世纪暖期(PWP)全球季风强度显著增加,其中赤道西太平洋增加超过1 mm/d。     

Intense reducing conditions during the last deglaciation and Heinrich events (H1, H2, H3) in sediments from the oxygen minimum zone off Goa,eastern Arabian Sea

Two sediment cores, ABP-32/GC-01R and ABP-32/GC-03 were collected at a water depth of 642 m and 1086 m off Goa from the present day Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) of eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) cover time span of last 18 ka and 32 ka respectively were analysed for multi-proxy redox-sensitive elements to understand the variation in the redox conditions and factors responsible for its development.Redox-sensitive elements concentration and their normalized ratios (Mn/Al, U/Th, Mo/Al and Ce/Ce*) suggest that sediment core ABP-32/GC-01R is under more reducing conditions due to its location within the centre of OMZ compared to core ABP-32/GC-03 which is at the base of OMZ. Sediments from the EAS are of non-euxinic environments where dissolved sulfide is present but restricted to the sediment pore-waters. Lack of significant correlation (r=< 0.1) of organic carbon with U and Mo suggest that productivity may not have control on the development of reducing conditions. The lowest Mn/Al ratio, strong negative Ce/Ce* anomaly and remarkable enrichment of U/Th and Mo/Al ratios during the last deglaciation, and Heinrich events (H1, H2, H3) indicate intense reducing conditions probably due to poor ventilation by oxygen depleted bottom waters from Subantarctic Mode Waters (SAMW) - Antarctic Intermediate waters (AAIW). There is a distinct lathanide fractionation in the sediment cores where, La_(n)/Yb_(n) ratio is <1, ≈1 and >1 during the last 10 ka (Holocene), 14–10 ka (includes-Younger Dryas and Bǿlling-Allerǿd), 18–14 ka (last deglaciation) and Heinrich events suggesting less reducing, terrigenous dominated and intense reducing condition respectively.     

Spatial and temporal variations in the thermodynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum at Jutulstraumen drainage basin,East Antarctica

A flow-line model is coupled to a 2D temperature model to simulate the thermodynamic changes of Jutulstraumen drainage basin due to grounding line retreat and increased surface temperature since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The basin consists of a plateau drained by an outlet glacier, and the simulated ice volume reductions are 1% and 2% respectively of the current grounded volume. The mountain ranges H.U. Sverdrupfjella and Neumayerskarvet fringing the plateau were not overridden by ice at the LGM, while the Nashornet nunataks closer to the grounding line were. Today the glacier is almost in balance with the current climate, with the highest thinning rate?<?5.0×10^?3 ma^?1 at the plateau. The simulated present-day thermal regime of the outlet glacier shows a basal layer at the pressure melting point and negative temperature gradients with depth due to horizontal advection of cold ice from the plateau. Sensitivity studies show that strain heating and horizontal advection are important for the basal temperatures in the fast flowing outlet glacier and for about half of the wide basin at the polar plateau. Increased strain heating and horizontal advection since the LGM control the response time required to readjust to the new conditions, and it controls the present-day volume.     

长江江苏段末次盛冰期古河槽特征

选择长江江苏段作为研究河段,根据南京长江三桥、长江大桥、长江四桥、润扬长江大桥、扬中长江大桥、江阴长江大桥、苏通长江大桥7个断面的285个地质勘探钻孔资料及参考文献中的8个钻孔资料,建立了7个长江古河谷地质剖面图。在拟建南京长江四桥附近、扬中长江大桥附近的7个钻孔进行了采样分析,获得了8个14C年代、1个ESR年代数据。通过分析发现,末次盛冰期长江古河槽镇江以上切割到基岩,镇江以下嵌在老河床相沉积层上,河槽在南京下关-栖霞山段形成局部深切;南京段约-63 m以下的河槽为末次盛冰期的古河槽,相对狭窄陡峭,宽深比较小,向下游宽深比逐渐变大,扬中以下形成分叉河道体系;古河槽中自下而上充填了从粗到细的沉积旋回,河床相沉积物向下游逐渐变细。     

Late Pleistocene eolian features in southeastern Maryland and Chesapeake Bay region indicate strong WNW–NW winds accompanied growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

Inactive parabolic dunes are present in southeastern Maryland, USA, along the east bank of the Potomac River. More elongate and finer-grained eolian deposits and paha-like ridges characterize the Potomac River–Patuxent River upland and the west side of Chesapeake Bay. These ridges are streamlined erosional features, veneered with eolian sediment and interspersed with dunes in the low-relief headwaters of Potomac- and Patuxent-river tributaries. Axis data for the dunes and ridges indicate formation by WNW–NW winds. Optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon age data suggest dune formation from  33–15 ka, agreeing with the 30–13 ka ages Denny, C.S., Owens, J.P., Sirkin, L., Rubin, M., 1979. The Parsonburg Sand in the central Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland and Delaware. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1067-B, 16 pp. suggested for eolian deposits east of Chesapeake Bay. Age range and paleowind direction(s) for eolian features in the Bay region approximate those for late Wisconsin loess in the North American midcontinent. Formation of midcontinent loess and Bay-region eolian features was coeval with rapid growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and strong cooling episodes (δ¹⁸O minima) evident in Greenland ice cores. Age and paleowind-direction coincidence, for eolian features in the midcontinent and Bay region, indicates strong mid-latitude WNW–NW winds for several hundred kilometers south of the Laurentide glacial terminus that were oblique to previously simulated anticyclonic winds for the last glacial maximum.     

LGM时期气候背景下中国区域植被变化对东亚夏季降水影响的模拟

利用CCM3/NCAR全球气候模式在21kaB.P.(2.1万年前)的末次盛冰期(LGM)气候背景下,对中国区域植被变化对夏季(6～7月)东亚季风降水的影响进行了模拟,结果表明： 在LGM时期气候背景下,植被退化会使得中国东南部夏季降水减少,其中东南沿海减少超过20mm,而在 100°E 以东的中国北方大部分地区降水增加,其中心值大于50mm,从而导致降水南少北多的现象,植被的这种影响可以从物理上得到解释。在LGM气候背景下,植被退化在暖季起着增温的作用,即通过影响地表热状况使夏季大陆增温,增强了夏季东亚大陆与其周边海域的热力差异,从而使夏季东亚地区的西南风增强,35°～45°N的北方地区对流层低层的空气辐合和对流层上升运动加强,伴随着在 30°N 以南的中国南方地区出现异常下沉运动; 同时,西南季风的加强也导致夏季在 30°～40°N 之间的华北地区低层水汽输送加大。在这些因子的共同作用下,中国北方夏季降水增多,而东南部降水减少。这些结果说明使用LGM时期中国区域不同的重建植被资料可以对东亚季风气候模拟产生一定的不确定性。因此,重建可信度高的东亚植被对于降低对气候模拟的不确定性是十分重要的。