Thermal transformations in laser-heated chloritized annite

Chloritized annite from the Irizar granite has been used for laser-heating experiments, following the procedures used for ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating (heating steps in the 600–1080 °C temperature range). Four runs, at different temperatures, have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, micro-Raman and micro-IR spectroscopies. The water loss was evaluated by thermogravimetry. The chlorite domains break down first forming (001) amorphous layers, that later coalesce to rounded, equant inclusions and finally recrystallize to olivine and spinels plus silica glass. These phases occur within negative crystals hosted in ordered dehydrated annite, produced by dehydration and annealing of the starting annite. Dehydrated annite, olivine and spinels display topotactic relationships, determined by the common orientation of closely packed oxygen layers.     

Landslide risk evaluation and hazard zoning for rapid and long-travel landslides in urban development areas

Risk evaluation for earthquake-induced rapid and long-travel landslides in densely populated urban areas is currently the most important disaster mitigation task in landslide-threatened areas throughout the world. The research achievements of the IPL M-101 APERITIF project were applied to two urban areas in megacities of Japan. One site is in the upper slope of the Nikawa landslide site where previous movements were triggered by the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. During detailed investigation, the slope was found to be at risk from a rapid and long-travel landslide induced by sliding surface liquefaction by earthquakes similar in scale to the 1995 event. A new plan to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon was proposed and the plan was implemented. Another area is the Tama residential area near Tokyo. A set of field and laboratory investigations including laser scanner, geological drilling and ring-shear tests showed that there was a risk of sliding surface liquefaction for both sites. A geotechnical computer simulation (Rapid/LS) using the quantitative data obtained in the study allowed urban landslide hazard zoning to be made at individual street level.     

Mapping of micro topography using airborne laser scanning

Intense rainfall conditions and seismic activity commonly trigger fluidised landslides which are characterized by rapid movement and long run-out. They are potentially a very dangerous form of landslide phenomena and may result in extensive damage due to their sudden movement. Until now, photogrammetry has been used to produce maps and investigate such landslides in areas where these disasters occur. Recently, however, airborne laser scanning technology has become a promising technique for making topographical maps and investigating the micro topographic details of these landslide disasters, particularly on slopes around urban areas where the potential risk is high. In this study, airborne laser scanning was carried out in the Tama Hills, near Tokyo, Japan, which is extensively affected by this type of landsliding. The effectiveness of this technique was tested and compared with a laser contour map and aerial photograph interpretations.     

Using an airborne laser scanner for the identification of shallow landslides and susceptibility assessment in an area of ignimbrite overlain by permeable pyroclastics

An airborne laser scanner can identify shallow landslides even when they are only several meters in diameter and are hidden by vegetation, if the vegetation is coniferous or deciduous trees in a season with fewer leaves. We used an airborne laser scanner to survey an area of the 1998 Fukushima disaster, during which more than 1,000 shallow landslides occurred on slopes of vapor-phase crystallized ignimbrite overlain by permeable pyroclastics. We identified landslides that have occurred at the 1998 event and also previous landslides that were hidden by vegetation. The landslide density of slopes steeper than 20° was 117 landslides/km² before the 1998 disaster. This event increased the density by 233 landslides/km² indicating that this area is highly susceptible to shallow landsliding.     

DISCOVERY OF ORGANIC MOLECULES IN DEEP-SEA IRON COSMIC DUST

A great quartity of cosmic dust(spherules) was found in deep-sea sediments during May to July,1983manganese nodule investigations by the R/V“XIANGYANGHONG 16”in the area 7°-11°N,167°-178°Win the Pacific.Comprehensive study of the cosmic dust and determination with Laser Raman MolecularMicroprobe(LRMM) of the molecules in it showed that besides Fe-Fe,Fe~(3+)-O,Fe-Ni,Al-O,Fe-Obr-Si and Si-Onb,it also contained the organic molecules C-H-O and C-H-S-O,various no fixed form molecules of C,CH_2,CH_3 and volatile molecules CO_2,H_2O,OH~- and H_2S,etc…The study result has very important applications for exploring the origin of interplanetary dust parti-cles and life material.     

激光共聚焦扫描显微检测技术在大庆探区储层分析研究中的新进展

激光共聚焦扫描显微镜（Laser Confocal Scanning Microscope）分析技术是20世纪80年代末、90年代初兴起的一项新的光学显微测试方法，它具有普通光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜不具备的很多优点，如样品制备十分简单、分层扫描和三维立体图像重建、清晰分辨有机和无机质等。我们将该技术应用到大庆探区的储层研究中，进行了储层孔隙和微裂缝的三维结构重建，对储层中原油形态进行了详细研究，其中原油形态观察对薄差水淹层的研究有重要意义，研究了裂缝中次生包裹体特征及形成期次，此外，该方法应用于微体古生物化石研究在大庆探区发现了以前本区未见的孢子化石种类。在原油乳化机理研究方面，首次应用共聚焦观察了乳化油的内部结构，通过动态分析可以确定其稳定性，这为乳化油乳化机理研究提供了科学可靠的依据。激光扫描共聚焦显微检测技术在大庆探区储层分析研究中取得了前所未有的效果。     

西藏冈底斯中段雄村铜金矿床流体包裹体研究

对西藏雄村铜金矿开展了系统的流体包裹体岩相学研究、显微测温和单个包裹体拉曼光谱分析。研究揭示雄村铜金矿床流体包裹体均一温度范围为121～382℃,成矿主体温度范围为150～250℃,均一压力范围为1.94×105～45.92×105Pa;铜矿化阶段盐度范围为1.23%～36.61%,总体盐度分布表现为3个不连续区间;铜矿化阶段存在高盐度流体,金矿化阶段为低温低盐度流体。雄村矿床温度、压力特征与浅成热液矿床基本一致,但盐度偏高,成矿流体组成以高Ca2+和富含CO2、N2、CH4为特征,主要离子组成为Na+_Ca2+_K+_Cl-_SO2-4。雄村铜金矿床成矿流体为一复杂的不混溶体系,至少存在3种流体端员,即富CO2_N2_CH4气体端员、低盐度水溶液端员和高盐度水溶液端员,流体不混溶是雄村矿床金属沉淀的一个重要机制。雄村矿床兼具高硫化和低硫化浅成热液矿床某些典型特征,但与典型的高硫化和低硫化浅成热液矿床又存在差异,为一“较为特殊的浅成热液矿床”。     

东天山香山镁铁-超镁铁岩中富CH4流体包裹体的特征及其意义

香山岩体是东天山镁铁-超镁铁杂岩带的一个典型岩体，相带发育。各相带都含有韭闪石质普通角闪石巨晶，后环绕橄榄石和拉长石生长，构成包橄结构和包含结构，表明母岩浆富水。本研究的样品采自于香山岩体中岩体。拉长石和橄榄石中的流体包裹体孤立分布，或成群分布，大小不等，无明显方向性，或成串分布，平行于寄主矿物的颗粒边界和生长晶面。流体包裹体主要为原生，一部分为次生或假次生，是在以角闪石结晶为标志的岩浆流体大量出溶期间捕获的，因而代表了岩浆源区的流体。运用显微激光拉曼光谱仪，在100～4000cm。全波段范围内对拉长石和橄榄石中的50多个流体包裹体的气泡进行了分析。结果表明，流体包裹体的气体成分分为4类：a)富CH4气体；b)富H2O气体；c)H2O CH4混合气体；d)多组分(C2H6 N2 CH4，C2H6 CH4 N2 C4H6)混合气体。因而，香山岩体所携带的流体是一种富CH4等还原性挥发份和富H2O的流体。由于上地幔处于相对氧化状态，上地幔的挥发份以CO2为主。因而，香山岩体的母岩浆和流体应该来自于地幔过渡带或软流圈，这同时也表明新疆北部晚古生代的地幔过渡带或软流圈可能是未被氧化的、含C—H系列流体的圈层。俯冲板片的再循环，为地幔深处的H2O提供了来源。富CH4还原性C—H流体和富H2O流体，为地幔深处的熔融发挥了重要作用，进而产生了新疆北部造山后广泛分布的镁铁一超镁铁岩浆以及铜镍硫化物矿床。     

100MPa压力下温度和水对干酪根结构状态影响的实验研究

为了实验验证变质沉积物中的碳质物拉曼光谱地质温度计的可用性,利用冷封口式高温高压水热系统将焊封金管内的干酪根于100MPa压力和温度(250-700℃)、有水和无水条件下处理24小时,激光拉曼探针(LRM)分析表明,实验所得碳质物的一级和二级拉曼谱特征(拉曼峰的存在、峰的位置、宽度、高度和面积)随温度系统地变化,所得碳质物的D/O比值随温度升高而减小,但在D/O比-温度关系图上-500℃处有一拐点(极小)。实验条件下处理的干酪根的显微富利叶变换红外谱(micro-FTIR)分析表明,脂族C-H和芳族C-H吸收峰的相对强度在500℃左右急剧变化以及在700℃的实验产物中仍存在含氢的功能团。高温高压条件下,水的存在不利于碳质物的石墨化(有序化)。     

Application of a long-range Terrestrial Laser Scanner to a detailed rockfall study at Vall de Núria (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)

In this study we show the application of a long-range Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) to a detailed rockfall study in a test zone at Vall de Núria, located in the Eastern Pyrenees. Data acquisition was carried out using TLS-Ilris3D, the new generation of reflector-less laser scanners with a high range, accuracy and velocity of measurements. Eight scans were performed at 3 stations to acquire coordinates of almost 4 million points. The results from the acquired data are a high accuracy Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the reconstruction of the joint geometry. The former is used for inventory of rockfalls and for more accurate rockfall simulation (trajectories and velocities). The latter allows us to model the geometry and volume of the source area in recent rockfalls. Our findings suggest that TLS technology could be a tool of reference in rockfall studies in the near future.