Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice‐core,marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy)

This discussion paper, by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice‐core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommision on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), considers the prospects for a formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Although previous attempts to subdivide the Holocene have proved inconclusive, recent developments in Quaternary stratigraphy, notably the definition of the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary and the emergence of formal subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, mean that it may be timely to revisit this matter. The Quaternary literature reveals a widespread but variable informal usage of a tripartite division of the Holocene (‘early’, ‘middle’ or ‘mid’, and ‘late’), and we argue that this de facto subdivision should now be formalized to ensure consistency in stratigraphic terminology. We propose an Early–Middle Holocene Boundary at 8200 a BP and a Middle–Late Holocene Boundary at 4200 a BP, each of which is linked to a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). Should the proposal find a broad measure of support from the Quaternary community, a submission will be made to the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), via the SQS and the ICS, for formal ratification of this subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study of temperature and precipitation variations in Italy based on surface instrumental observations

In this paper we present a study concerning the climatic behaviour of two principal observables, temperature and precipitation as obtained from the measurements carried out at 50 Italian meteorological stations, since 1961. Analyses of WMO Climate Normals (CliNo) from 1961 to 1990 have been performed dividing the 50 Italian stations in three different classes: mountain (11 stations), continental (17) and coastal areas (21).The comparison of the CliNo 1961–1990 with the trend of temperature and precipitation for the period 1991–2000 showed a sharp significant increase of summer temperatures over Italy starting from 1980. This phenomenon was particularly evident for mountain stations, where a significant temperature increase has been recorded also during the autumn. Moreover, the analysis of precipitation data permitted to point out that, starting from 1980, mountain stations have been affected by a significant increase of precipitation events during autumn and winter, while for the rest of the Italian territory a reduction of precipitations has been recorded during early spring.     

Influence of Land Use/Cover Change on Storm Runoff— A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River Basin in Upstream of Taihu Lake Watershed

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is one of the main boundary conditions which influence many hydrologic processes. In view of the importance of Taihu Lake Watershed in China and the urgency of discovering the impacts of LUCC on storm runoff, two flood events under five land cover scenarios in the Xitiaoxi River Basin of the upstream of Taihu Lake watershed were simulated by distributed hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS. The influences of each land cover on storm runoff were discussed. It was concluded that under the same rainstorm the ascending order of runoff coefficient and peak flow produced by the 5 different land covers were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land; the descending order of swelling time were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land. Scenario of built-up land was the first to reach peak flow, then arable land, grassland, shrub, and woodland. There were close relationships between the runoff coefficients produced by the 5 different land covers. The degrees of impacts on runoff coefficient of land cover change modes were sorted by descending: woodland to built-up land, shrub to built-up land, grassland to built-up land, arable land to built-up land, woodland to arable land, shrub to arable land, arable land to grassland, shrub to grassland, grassland to arable land, and woodland to shrub. Urbanization will contribute to flood disaster, while forestation will mitigate flood disaster.     

桑托斯盆地L构造Aptian期火山喷发旋回特征与Itapema组介壳灰岩沉积

桑托斯盆地裂陷初期岩浆活动与储层发育关系密切。本文以盆地L区块火成岩-介壳灰岩复合体为研究对象,通过对火成岩岩石学、年代学测试及钻井、测井资料分析等,首次明确了桑托斯盆地裂陷初期岩浆活动特征及其对介壳灰岩沉积过程的控制,并指出介壳灰岩储层的分布特征。L区块内火成岩分属晚白垩世Santonian期—Campanian期和早白垩世Aptian两期岩浆活动产物,并以Aptian期为主,至少经历了7次不连续喷发和3次侵入过程,形成了块状玄武岩、杏仁状玄武岩和玻基斑状玄武岩(含再沉积玻基斑状玄武岩)等喷发相火成岩和以辉绿岩(局部属粗玄岩)、煌斑岩形式产出的侵入相火成岩。Aptian期岩浆多期活动重塑了古地貌,形成了局部构造凸起,促成并控制了下白垩统Itapema组至少6期介壳灰岩沉积,最终形成了～620 m厚火成岩-介壳灰岩复合体。介壳灰岩储层呈透镜体形状,以“散点式”不连续分布在Aptian期盆内古隆、古断阶(坡)等区域,横向连续性差,垂向连通性受限,其发育规模和质量受古地貌及水深条件等影响。     

多期构造变形事件对吉林南部大横路Cu- Co矿床富集成矿的制约

钴矿是重要的战略性金属矿产资源之一,对其成矿作用(如构造与成矿的关系)进行深入的研究能为前期指导找矿提供理论依据。本文对中国东部吉林白山市三道沟镇三岔河村大横路Cu-Co矿开展了相关工作,包括野外构造解析、钻孔-岩芯资料分析、钻孔薄片综合矿物分析系统(TIMA)实验和区域相关岩石年代学等。构造解析显示大横路Cu-Co矿围岩变形包括层片交切、S₁面理和褶劈理等构造要素。钻孔-岩芯资料分析矿区发育大量F₂紧闭褶皱、逆冲断层及断层相关褶皱、倒转褶皱F₂等。钻孔、探槽薄片样品TIMA实验显示含Co流体大量富集于低角度逆冲断裂、倒转褶皱韧性剪切域和断层相关褶皱转折端处。这些工作显示走向为NE的低角度逆冲断裂及断层相关褶皱对大横路Cu-Co矿的富集起到关键的控制作用。相关年代学工作,结合前人研究及大量区域地质资料表明:(1)矿区内逆冲断层及褶皱等控矿构造要素为古元古代构造事件的产物;(2)中生代构造事件对成矿作用的制约(Cu-Co矿的再富集)可能来自于白垩纪大规模的伸展作用。     

中国24h台风路径预报难点及其大尺度环流分析

主要分析了2005—2012年中国24 h台风路径预报误差较大的样本及其对应的大尺度环流特征。基于850 hPa风场的低通滤波等分析发现:去除占总数3.9%的预报误差最大样本后,平均预报误差可以减小8.5%。这些预报误差最大的样本中有近60%呈现为移向误差较小、移速较观测慢的特点。与之相对应的大尺度环境场可分为气旋性环流、弱背景场和副热带高压西侧3类。气旋性环流包含近3/4的样本,其中又有一半受季风涡旋的影响。平均移动速度分析表明,这些台风起报时刻前后,平均移速的突然增加是预报移速较慢的主要原因,这是中国台风24 h路径预报的主要难点之一。     

Synergistic contribution of precipitation anomalies over northwestern India and the South China Sea to high temperature over the Yangtze River Valley

This study explores the characteristics of high temperature anomalies over eastern China and associated influencing factors using observations and model outputs. Results show that more long-duration (over 8 days) high temperature events occur over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) than over the surrounding regions, and control most of the interannual variation of summer mean temperature in situ. The synergistic effect of summer precipitation over the South China Sea (SCS) region (18°-27°N, 115°-124°E) and the northwestern India and Arabian Sea (IAS) region (18°-27°N, 60°-80°E) contributes more significantly to the variation of summer YRV temperature, relative to the respective SCS or IAS precipitation anomaly. More precipitation (enhanced condensational heating) over the SCS region strengthens the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and simultaneously weakens the westerly trough over the east coast of Asia, and accordingly results in associated high temperature anomalies over the YRV region through stimulating an East Asia-Pacific (EAP) pattern. More precipitation over the IAS region further adjusts the variations of the WPSH and westerly trough, and eventually reinforces high temperature anomalies over the YRV region. Furthermore, the condensational heating related to more IAS precipitation can adjust upper-tropospheric easterly anomalies over the YRV region by exciting a circumglobal teleconnection, inducing cold horizontal temperature advection and related anomalous descent, which is also conducive to the YRV high temperature anomalies. The reproduction of the above association in the model results indicates that the above results can be explained both statistically and dynamically.     

利用地基多通道微波辐射计遥感反演华北持续性大雾天气温、湿度廓线的检验研究

地基多通道微波辐射计可提供高时间分辨率的大气温、湿度和液态水含量廓线遥感探测数据,为大气层结及云雾形成和演变特征研究提供了重要手段,但对其观测数据的可靠性检验研究很少。本研究在对比晴空MonoRTM模拟亮温和微波辐射计观测亮温的基础上,利用华北地区2009—2013年11个雾天气过程的170个时次(其中30个为雾发生时次)的探空数据,检验了美国Radiometrics 35通道MP-3000A型微波辐射计(Microwave Radiometer Profiles,MWRP)探测的温度、水汽密度和相对湿度数据,并结合系留气艇和CloudSat云雷达等观测资料,检验了典型雾个例的MWRP反演的温、湿度廓线数据。与探空数据的比较表明,两者的温度(T)数据的相关系数超过0.98,水汽密度(ρ)的相关系数超过0.95,但相对湿度(RH)的相关系数只有0.67左右。总样本误差分析中MWRP反演的T比探空偏低约3℃,ρ的均方根误差(E)在1 g/m~3以内,RH在1—7 km高度偏大,总样本RH垂直平均E在18%左右,雾天时的RH垂直平均E在23%左右。与系留气艇观测数据比较表明,MWRP反演的T也偏低,但两种探测方式的T和RH在指示雾的发展演变过程中具有很好的一致性。CloudSat云雷达数据验证了MWRP反演显示中高层出现高RH区与云的存在有关。     

Capturing temporal variability for estimates of annual hydrochemical export from a first‐order agricultural catchment in southern Ontario,Canada

This 2‐year study (2000, 2001) reports annual nutrient (phosphorus, nitrate) export from a first‐order agricultural watershed in southern Ontario based on an intensive monitoring programme. The importance of storm and melt events in annual export estimates is demonstrated and the temporal variability in nutrient loading during events is related to processes occurring within the catchment. The feasibility of predicting event‐related nutrient export from hydrometric data is explored. The importance of sampling frequency throughout events is also shown. Export of total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and nitrate ( ) for 2000 and 2001 averaged 0·35 kg ha^?1 year^?1, 0·09 kg ha^?1 year^?1, and 35 kg ha^?1 year^?1 (as N) respectively. Approximately 75% of annual TP export, 80% of annual SRP export and 70% of annual export occurred during 28 events per year. A small number of large‐magnitude events (>34 mm) accounted for 18–42% of annual TP export, 0–61% of annual SRP export and 13–33% of annual NO export. Our results show that temporal variability in nutrient export is largely governed by discharge in this basin, and export can be predicted from discharge. SRP and TP export can also be predicted from discharge, but only for events that are not large in magnitude. The sampling interval throughout events is important in obtaining precise estimates of nutrient export, as infrequent sampling intervals may over‐ or under‐estimate nutrient export by ± 45% per event for P. This study improves our understanding of and P export patterns and our ability to predict or model them by relating temporal variability in event nutrient export to discharge and processes occurring within the basin, and also by exploring the significance of sampling interval in the context of the importance of individual events, season and temporal variability during events. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

郯庐断裂带南段构造演化与邻区成矿作用——从年代学资料得到的启示

郯庐断裂带为我国东部北北东—北东向岩石圈深大断裂带。在其南段的邻区,分布有胶东金矿区、鲁西铁金矿区以及长江中下游的铁铜(金)成矿带和苏北油气田等矿产。从已获得大量测年资料分析,可将构造—岩浆—成矿事件分为3个阶段:1)早期(800～550 Ma):自元古宙泛古陆裂解和随之而来的加里东期古地震和局部海西期喷流作用,证实地壳运动早已拉开了它的"构造活动序幕",此阶段继承和构建了华北克拉通岩石圈先存的构造薄弱带,从成矿作用而论,此阶段可称为"成矿预备场地";2)主期(1 80～110 Ma):在三叠纪期间,扬子板块和华北板块陆—陆碰撞和中生代西太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲等,造就了现今郯庐断裂与分支断裂的构造格架。其中主峰形成时间为140～120 Ma±,在这个阶段广泛有钙碱性系列、富钾高锶钙碱系列、碱性系列岩浆和后期成矿热液,沿着有利构造空间剧烈活动和成矿就位。本区壳幔混熔型和壳源同熔型花岗岩,是地壳减薄和下地壳拆沉、底侵的产物,而不是单一的构造运动的结果。此阶段可称为断裂构造—岩浆活动—成矿作用的鼎盛期;3)晚期(60Ma～现代):沿东西向与北北东向(或北东向)断裂交汇处,存在橄榄玄武岩喷侵,为石油和天然气的形成提供了热源和物源,此期可称其为构造—岩浆活动的衰变期。