William Stanley Jevons identified what has come to be known as the Jevons paradox: the observation that improvements in energy efficiency are often connected with rising, not falling, energy consumption. This insight informs the subsequent economic concept of the “rebound effect” and the expansive research investigating this relationship. We provide an overview of key empirical research, which establishes that large rebounds in energy consumption connected with rising energy efficiency are common across various units of analysis, including the national, subnational (e.g., states/provinces/cities; power plants), and household levels. We then focus on the range of theoretical arguments that have been put forward to explain why rebounds occur in varying contexts, with particular consideration of implications for efforts to move away from fossil fuels. We emphasize the important distinction between direct effects, indirect effects, and economy-wide effects in regard to rebounds, particularly those connected with macro-structural forces, for understanding the causes and implications of the Jevons paradox. This article is categorized under:
The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Decarbonizing Energy and/or Reducing Demand
本文利用1980～2021年MERRA2（Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2）沙尘资料,结合ERA5大气再分析数据,系统分析了中国春季沙尘的时空分布特征及相关的大气环流异常,结果表明：西北地区沙尘主导了我国春季沙尘的长期变化,二者均具有显著的2～4年和8年以上的周期变化,表现出明显的年际和年代际特征。利用EOF分析表明,EOF1主要体现我国春季沙尘,尤其是西北沙尘的年际变化,在正位相时表现出西北沙尘的显著增加。而EOF2则主要体现我国春季沙尘的年代际变化,在空间上表现为西北与中国其他地区沙尘变化的偶极子特征,其正位相为西北沙尘负异常和其他区域的正异常;在时间上则表现为20世纪90年代末由负转正的位相转变。进一步研究表明,中国春季沙尘变化与气象要素场具有显著的联系：当春季沙尘为正异常时,多为强风控制;此外,较高的地表温度和干旱少雨的背景利于土壤解冻和抑制沙尘沉降,最终造成沙尘天气的发生。此外,影响我国春季沙尘变化的下垫面海温异常表现出类拉尼娜型海温,且海温异常能够从前冬一直持续到同期春季,因此对提前预报春季沙尘变化提供一定的可能性。
