A New Tethered Balloon-Borne Payload for Fine-Scale Observations in the Cloudy Boundary Layer

A new scientific payload is introduced for fine-scale measurements of meteorological (wind vector, static air temperature, humidity, and air pressure) and microphysical (aerosol particles and cloud droplets) properties, suspended below a tethered balloon. The high resolution sensors and the tethered balloon are described. Measurements in a lifted fog layer from a first field campaign are presented.The detailed investigation of the fog/haze and the temperature inversion layer demonstrates the damping influence of the fog on temperature fluctuations, while thewind fluctuations are significantly decreased by theevolving temperature inversion, whichwas about 30 m above the fog layer.From spectral analysis the noise floors of the high-resolution sensors are determined to10^-6 kg m^-3 for the LWC (liquid water content) and 4 mK for the fast temperature sensor (UFT-B). The correlation betweentemperature and LWC structures in shallow haze layers is investigated. The release of latent heat and the corresponding warming in the haze of about 0.1 K could be quantified.     

Investigating the Halogen Chemistry From High-Latitude Nighttime Stratospheric Measurements of OClO and NO2

Two cases of simultaneous nighttime measurements of NO₂ and OClO in the winter polar stratosphere are analyzed in order to test our present knowledge of halogen chemistry in the presence of high amount of NO₂ at low temperature. Comparisons with Lagrangian model calculations using several hypotheses are performed. First simulations, using the admitted constant rates of chemical reaction, strongly underestimate the measured OClO while the NO₂ profiles are correctly reproduced. If uncertainties in actinic fluxes calculations are taken into account, simulation results do not show a significant reduction of the underestimation. A better agreement can be achieved if the formation of unstable isomers of ClONO₂ and of BrONO₂ occurs in the cold conditions of the polar stratosphere. An approximate value of the branching ratios of the channels leading to ClONO₂ and ClOONO, and to BrONO₂ and BrOONO, necessary to reproduce both OClO and NO₂ is given and discussed.     

Errors and correction of precipitation measurements in China

In order to discover the range of various errors in Chinese precipitation measurements and seek a correction method, 30 precipitation evaluation stations were set up countrywide before 1993. All the stations are reference stations in China. To seek a correction method for wind-induced error, a precipitation correction instrument called the ＂horizontal precipitation gauge＂ was devised beforehand. Field intercomparison observations regarding 29,000 precipitation events have been conducted using one pit gauge, two elevated operational gauges and one horizontal gauge at the above 30 stations. The range of precipitation measurement errors in China is obtained by analysis of intercomparison measurement results. The distribution of random errors and systematic errors in precipitation measurements are studied in this paper. A correction method, especially for wind-induced errors, is developed. The results prove that a correlation of power function exists between the precipitation amount caught by the horizontal gauge and the absolute difference of observations implemented by the operational gauge and pit gauge. The correlation coefficient is 0.99. For operational observations, precipitation correction can be carried out only by parallel observation with a horizontal precipitation gauge. The precipitation accuracy after correction approaches that of the pit gauge. The correction method developed is simple and feasible.     

Observations of geomagnetic pulsations and variations with a new borehole magnetometer down to depths of 3000 m

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A triaxial magnetometer has been developed for investigating the in situ skin effect of horizontal geomagnetic pulsations and variations in deep boreholes. The observations were carried out in the pilot borehole of the Continental Deep Drilling Program of Germany (KTB) down to depths of 3000 m and up to temperature of 90 C. A weak skin effect, due to the known very low conductivity of the penetrated crystalline rocks, of 90 to 95 per cent in amplitude and -5 to -10 rotation in phase has been observed at periods of 10 s and magnetometer depth of 2400 m.
An essential prerequisite for all calculations is the accurate determination of the orientation of the downhole magnetometer. It is demonstrated how oriented record samples of temporal variations at depth correlate precisely with those from the surface.
Results from surface magnetotelluric (MT) investigations show strong local distortions of the telluric field. The distortion of the MT tensor response has been determined by means of newly introduced skin-effect transfer functions, which are assumed to be undistorted.     

Spatial controls on the distribution and dynamics of a marginal snowpack in the Australian Alps

Seasonal snowpacks in marginal snow environments are typically warm and nearly isothermal, exhibiting high inter‐ and intra‐annual variability. Measurements of snow depth and snow water equivalent were made across a small subalpine catchment in the Australian Alps over two snow seasons in order to investigate the extent and implications of snowpack spatial variability in this marginal setting. The distribution and dynamics of the snowpack were found to be influenced by upwind terrain, vegetation, solar radiation, and slope. The role of upwind vegetation was quantified using a novel parameter based on gridded vegetation height. The elevation range of the catchment was relatively modest (185 m), and elevation impacted distribution but not dynamics. Two characteristic features of marginal snowpack behaviour are presented. Firstly, the evolution of the snowpack is described in terms of a relatively unstable accumulation state and a highly stable ablation state, as revealed by temporal variations in the mean and standard deviation of snow water equivalent. Secondly, the validity of partitioning the snow season into distinct accumulation and ablation phases is shown to be compromised in such a setting. Snow at the most marginal locations may undergo complete melt several times during a season and, even where snow cover is more persistent, ablation processes begin to have an effect on the distribution of the snowpack early in the season. Our results are consistent with previous research showing that individual point measurements are unable to fully represent the variability in the snowpack across a catchment, and we show that recognising and addressing this variability are particularly important for studies in marginal snow environments.     

星载GPS伪距测量数据质量分析

研究了星载GPS伪距测量精度评定方法以及粗差的探测方法,用自编的软件对CHAMP卫星和SAC-C卫星的星载GPS实测数据进行了详细的分析.结果表明:随着卫星高度角的不同,多路径效应与伪距测量噪声对星载GPS伪距测量精度的影响在0.5～3.0 m之间;CHAMP和SAC-C星载GPS观测数据中,伪距粗差观测值所占的比例分别达到1.2%和3.0%.     

俄罗斯科学院N.S.库尔纳可夫普通和无机化学研究所(IGIC RAS)简介

俄罗斯科学院Ｎ．Ｓ．库尔纳可夫普通和无机化学研究所,是由铂和其它贵金属研究所的普通化学研究室与物理化学分析研究所及物理化学部的高压实验室在１９３４年合并而成。由于上述两个研究所均创建于１９１８年,所以,该研究所的创建日定为１９１８年５月１１日。由于科学院士Ｎ．Ｓ．Ｋｕｒｎａｋｖ,Ｌ．Ａ．Ｃｈｕｇａｅｖ教授,Ｉ．Ｉ．Ｃｈｅｒｎｙａｅｖ院士,Ｎ．Ｍ．Ｚｈａ－ｖｏｒｏｎｋｏｖ,Ａ．Ａ．Ｇｒｉｎｂｅｒｇ,Ｉ．Ｖ．Ｏｂｒｅｉｍｏｖ,Ｙａ．Ｋ．Ｓｙｒｋｉｎ,Ｇ．Ｇ．Ｕｒａｚｏｖ和Ｉ．Ｖ．Ｔａｎａｎａｅｖ等人…     

东构造结墨脱关键区域地应力场特征及其构造稳定性分析

为获取东构造结关键构造部位地应力特征、分析其构造稳定性,采用水压致裂法开展了墨脱断裂带西让段1个地应力孔、11个测试段的原位地应力测量工作。结果表明：61.43~121.34 m测试段最大、最小水平主应力值（SH、Sh）分别为3.05～14.50 MPa和2.16～9.87 MPa,垂向主应力值（Sv）为1.63~3.31 MPa,即SH>Sh>Sv;测点处应力场以水平挤压作用为主,均处于逆断层应力状态,且其主应力值随深度增加而逐渐增大,测点的最大水平主应力优势方位为北东东向;在整个地应力测量深度范围内,侧压系数值（Kav）为1.39~4.38,最大水平应力系数值（KHv）均大于1,且比值随深度的增加而增大,该关键部位区域应力场以水平应力为主导,方向性较强,所有测试段水平应力系数值（KHh）为1.23~1.66,与林芝−通麦段地应力特征参数计算结果基本相似;测点位置98 m以浅地层水平构造应力作用程度较小,应力积累水平较低,保持断层稳定所需的摩擦系数值小于实际断层的临界摩擦系数值,构造环境相对稳定,超过98 m深度地层由于水平构造应力起主要作用,保持断层稳定所需的摩擦系数值接近于实际断层的临界摩擦系数值,存在小概率发生断层失稳滑动的风险;区域强震在墨脱断裂带断层面上造成的左旋走滑方向上及逆冲方向上的库仑应力变化值的叠加量均为负值,抑制了断层的滑动,未能增加墨脱关键区域断层活动的危险性。     

利用南极走航观测评估卫星遥感海表面温度

利用1989-2005年间南极走航观测的海表面温度,对目前3个主要的卫星反演的SST产品AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer),TMI(TRMM Microwave Imager)和AMSR-E(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System)进行了较为系统的评估,并着重检验了它们在南大洋的准确性.结果表明,AVHRR SST比观测数据偏冷,白天的偏差为-0.12℃,夜晚的偏差为-0.04℃,而且南大洋的冷偏差更为显著.TMI SST比观测数据明显偏暖,白天的偏差为0.48℃,夜晚的偏差为0.57℃,其温差ΔT受37GHz风速影响,在强风速(>6m/s)下这种影响仍然存在.AMSR-ESST比观测数据偏暖,白天的偏差为0.34℃,夜晚的偏差为0.27℃,而且南大洋的暖偏差相对较大.AMSR-E SST温差受水汽影响,并在南大洋随着水汽的增加而增加.通过进一步比较微波(AMSR-E和TMI)和红外(AVHRR)遥感的SST在2004年北半球冬季(即南半球夏季)的差别,发现微波遥感在热带(15°S-15°N)和南大洋区域(45°S以南)比红外遥感偏暖,而且在南大洋区域的偏差相对较大,相反在北半球中纬度区域(15°~40°N)偏冷.AMSR-E与AVHRR SST的温差,从白天到夜晚有减小的趋势,而TMI与AVHRR SST的温差无明显的变化.