岩石—土壤—植被(红背山麻杆、裸花紫珠)间的元素迁移——以广西巴马岩溶石山地区为例

通过对碳酸盐岩与土壤、碳酸盐岩与红背山麻杆、裸花紫珠及土壤与红背山麻杆、裸花紫珠间的元素相关分析,发现:(1)碳酸盐岩和土壤的元素存在高度的相关关系,从岩石到土壤,元素迁移顺序总体表现为:CaO＞MgO＞Na2O＞P2O5＞MnO＞Pb＞Zr＞Fe2O3＞TiO2＞SiO2＞Al2O3;(2)土壤与两种检测植物的元素也存在较高的相关性,并且两种检测植物还表现出基本相似的土壤元素生物吸收系数,即:红背山麻杆的土壤元素生物吸收系数顺序为:P＞Ca＞Fe＞K＞Na＞Mn＞Pb＞Al＞Mg＞Zr＞Ti＞SiO2,裸花紫珠的为:P＞K＞Fe＞Na＞Ca＞Mn＞Al＞Pb＞Mg＞Zr＞Ti＞SiO2;(3)植物中的常量元素由岩石中的常量元素所决定,在同样的岩性基底上,不同植物体内富集、累积而成的元素结构有着较高的一致性。      

基于包络线去除和偏最小二乘的土壤参数光谱反演

基于江苏省宜兴市100个土样的可见光－近红外高光谱反射率400 2　450nm数据结合包络线去除continuum　removalcr与偏最小二乘回归partial 　least 　squares 　re gressionplsr 构建了土壤重金属砷as和有机质om含量的反演模型 结果表明相比普通plsr模型模型决定系数r2和预测根均方误差rmsep分别为0．5123．0９0和0．6215．９34cr－plsr构建的模型预测能力有明显的改善r2和rmsep分别为0．7632．323和0．９114．5９９ cr有效增强了550９001　4201　９00和2　200nm等波段处的反射光谱特征根据模型回归系数分析cr有效突出的波段正是as和om的cr－plsr模型所共用的重要波段研究表明cr能够协助plsr模型重要波段的选择利用遥感技术结合cr－plsr能够有效提高土壤重金属as和om含量的反演精度从而为土壤质量的遥感监测提供参考     

透壁通风管路堤土体蒸发降温的试验研究

以多年冻土区透壁通风管路堤为研究对象,进行了路堤蒸发降温效果的室内试验,分析了土体水分蒸发对路堤降温效果的影响机制。分析结果表明,路堤通风期间的水分主要通过裸露在管壁小孔的土体表面直接蒸发,其有利于降低路堤温度。暖季空气与管壁的对流换热效应可使路堤土体增温,同时,通过管壁小孔的水分蒸发散热将对路堤产生降温效应,由于融土的未冻水含量较大,使得通过管壁小孔的水分蒸发散热降温作用也较大,这使透壁通风管路堤总体显现出降温效果     

基于偏微分方程的去噪方法

利用偏微分方程抑制图像噪声已经被认为是具有显著效果的图像去噪技术。在阐述图像噪声模型的基础上研究了图像去噪的偏微分方程模型,并对偏微分方程中的参数选择进行了讨论。为了保持图像的边缘信息,对经典模型参数进行了改进。实验结果表明,偏微分方程适用于图像噪声的抑制,并且可以在抑制图像噪声的同时,保持较好的边缘信息。     

Asymmetric Delamination and Convective Removal Numerical Modeling: Comparison with Evolutionary Models for the Alboran Sea Region

Convective removal and mantle delamination are geodynamical mechanisms proposed to explain the presence of extension in the Alboran Sea within a regional context of compression. Using a new thermo-mechanical algorithm, we present here a quantitative evaluation and comparison of conceptual models based on these geodynamical mechanisms. In contrast to the in situ convective removal process, the laterally propagating delamination mechanism is shown here to be consistent with first-order features of the Alboran Sea such as the thinning/thickening distribution, intermediate-depth seismicity and upper mantle structure imaged by seismic tomography. The lower crust is predicted to reach depths of 100–150 km in some areas, due to mechanically-driven viscous drag of the downwelling mantle.     

New Zealand fur seals at three Kings Islands (note)

Since 1967, New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) have been seen in winter on Three Kings Islands (34°10'S, 172°08'E) in increasing numbers, up to 80 in 1969. Approximately 130 were also seen on Motupia Island (34°37'S, 172°48'E) in 1969.     

Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation Process for Removal of Organics and Microplastics in Laundry Wastewater

In the present research, laundry wastewater treatment is studied using the electrocoagulation/electroflotation process. For the optimization of treatment conditions such as electrode type (Al–Al, Al–Fe, Fe–Fe, and Fe–Al), initial pH (5–9), current (0.54–2.16 A), and application time (15–60 min), response surface methodology is used. Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, anionic surfactant, microplastic, and phosphate are studied. It is determined that the most effective removal is obtained with 2.16 A current, pH 9, and 60 min reaction time using Fe–Al electrode. Here, 91%, 94%, 100%, and 98% removal efficiencies are achieved for COD, surfactant, color, and microplastic, respectively. The operating cost of the combined process is calculated as $1.32 m^?3 for the optimum removal parameters. The adsorption kinetics study shows that the removal follows second‐order kinetics. The laboratory‐scale test results indicate that the electrocoagulation/electroflotation process is feasible for the treatment of laundry wastewater.     

青岛团岛汇水区域污水处理对胶州湾口水质改良的贡献

青岛团岛地区入海的主要水污染源,是来自其汇水区城内的大量生活污水和一定量的轻工业废水.自1998～2007年底,累计处理污水14254万吨,削减各类有机物如CODcr、BOD、SS以及NH4-N、TP等污染物累积28万吨,为减轻胶州湾口的水环境污染起到一定的作用.团岛污水厂采用"生物脱氮除磷A/A/O"工艺,自运行以来,不断提出一些优化方案以改善污水处理效果,使出水COD、BOD5、SS、NH4-N、TP等指标达到并优于国家二级排放标准(GB18918-2002),提高了排入胶州湾口的水质质量.     

基于同步大地电磁时间序列依赖关系的噪声处理

本文从信号与系统的角度讨论了同步大地电磁时间序列信号之间的依赖关系,选取高信噪比的时间序列信号作为先验数据,用最小二乘法估算依赖关系;结合参考道的数据,合成本地道含噪声时段的数据,最后用合成数据替代噪声段数据,组成新数据,从而在时域中去除大地电磁噪声.西藏地区高信噪比实测数据的试算结果表明,无论电场还是磁场,信号之间的依赖关系是相对稳定的,只与先验数据的长度有关,与时间无关;虽然不同参考点之间的依赖关系不同,但都可以精确合成本地点数据,与参考点地下电性结构和参考距离无关.仿真实验显示,去噪后的信号与原始信号基本一致.实测数据处理结果表明,该方法可以有效去除强噪声干扰,抑制中高频段的近场源效应,同时保留了微弱的有效信号,保证了处理结果的正确性.最后针对方差比方法无法识别的方波噪声,提出了一种简单的平移方法,成功去除了持续时间大于窗口长度的方波噪声;将该方法与远参考技术结合,可以有效抑制近场源噪声干扰,获得光滑连续并且可信的测深资料.     

Seasonal variability of leaf litter removal by crabs in a Kandelia candel mangrove forest in Jiulongjiang Estuary, China

The seasonal variability of leaf litter removal by crabs was observed from May 2006 to April 2007 in a Kandelia candel mangrove forest in Jiulongjiang Estuary, China. Daily average quantities of leaf fall ranged 0.85–3.86 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹, with high values in May, August, October and November. The whole-year's leaf fall was 6.48 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (1.81 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹). The standing stock of leaf litter on the forest floor was 7.78 gDW m⁻² averaged from the whole year's data, with the lowest value in December (1.23 gDW m⁻²) and the highest in April (16.18 gDW m⁻²). Annually averaged removal (consumption on mangrove floor + burial in burrows) rate of leaf litter by crabs was 0.59 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹. High seasonal variability was observed in the removal rates of leaf litter by crabs. Removal rates in the winter months (December, January and February) were 0.07–0.09 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹, much lower than those in other months with values of 0.59–1.18 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹. Annually averaged percentage of leaf fall removed by crabs was 33%, with the highest values in September (reached 76%) and the lowest values in winter months. Of leaf litter removed by crabs, a large proportion was buried by crabs, and only 12% was consumed by crabs on the forest floor. Leaf litter removal rate, consumption rate on the forest floor, percentages of leaf fall and standing stock removed on the forest floor were significantly positively correlated with air temperature, indicating that leaf removal ability by crabs was higher in warm months than in cold months.