Pedogenically degenerated illite and chlorite lattices aid to palaeoclimatic reconstruction for chronologically constrained(8-130 ka) loess-palaeosols of Dilpur Formation,Kashmir,India

Chronologically well-constrained loess-palaeosols(recorded glacial and inter-glacial climate) revealed pedogenesis induced ionic substitutions,caused end-member compositional deviations in illite and chlorite,linked to widespread climatic changes occurred during Late Pleistocene.Further,micro-level climatic resolution is yet to be resolved.Thus,layer-wise X-ray diffraction analyses of clay separates,followed by Rietveld refinement revealed varied cell parameters and interatomic distances.Obtained values for detrital and pedogenic illite and chlorite when plotted against stratigraphic succession show notable changes in the crystallographic axes.The illite lattices associated with inadequately pedogenized palaeosols have been altered into illite/smectite mixed layers,but,the chlorite lattices represent expansion of a-,b-and contraction of c-axes with much greater amount of distortions,suggestive of warm-humid and acidic environment.The detrital 48,44 and 83,74 bonded illite and chlorite with2 sub-types each,when pedogenized retained 48,44 and 34;and 83 and 74 bonds(in their neo-formed 3 and 2 sub-types),respectively.The Al-O bond shows expansion,but,unchanged Si-O and decreased Si-K and K-O bonds show loss of Al and retention of Si and K ions in the illite lattices.The illite with 32 atoms and 48 bonds represent contraction of K-O,Si-K,Al-O and Si-O bonds caused bond reinforcement;however,loss of Al~(3+)reflects all-out illite alteration.Owing to Al-O and K-O bond expansion,major K~+ and Al~(3+) ionic loss occurred during the LGM,however,further ionic loss depends upon the magnitude of the loess-palaeosol weathering that they have suffered.The clilate sensitive Fe,Mg and Al ionic losses for Fe-O,Mg-O and Al_(11)-O_9 bond length expansions were recognized in the chlorite lattices.Such ionic losses are common,but,complete distortion is attributed to Al,Si,Fe and Mg ionic losses,followed by weakening of Al-O,Si-O,Fe-O and Mg-O bonds.Though,Si-O_4 and Fe_1-O_4 bonds,and Si and Fe_(1 st) ions remain intact.Thus,three major glacial episodes of ～5 ka each occurred under alkaline environment,but,intervened by two successive cycles of 55 ka each,encompassing three alternate warm and cold climatic sub-cycles of 12-15 ka.But,the coldness increases with each warm-cold sub-cycle that attained the glacial maxima.Further,these events correlate well with the deep-sea records of the North Atlantic(MIS-1 to MIS-5 e) and CLP loess-palaeosols(～127 ka).     

2008 - 2014年青冰滩72号冰川物质平衡特征分析

物质平衡是冰川与气候相互作用的关键桥梁, 对气候变化非常敏感。基于青冰滩72号冰川2008 - 2014年冰面花杆和雪坑的观测资料, 结合Landsat系列卫星影像, 利用零平衡线法对青冰滩72号冰川的物质平衡进行计算和分析。结果表明： 青冰滩72号冰川2008 - 2014年平均物质平衡梯度为（0.86 ± 0.19） m w.e.?（100m）^-1; 平衡线高度在（4 109 ± 23） ~ （4 317 ± 92） m a.s.l.之间变化, 平均为（4 167.5 ± 33.2） m a.s.l。同时, 青冰滩72号冰川年净物质平衡介于-1.23 m w.e. ~ +0.31 m w.e., 年平均为-0.38 m w.e., 累积物质平衡为-2.27 m w.e.。此外, 与位于天山地区图尤克苏冰川、 乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川平衡线高度和累积物质平衡的比较发现, 青冰滩72号冰川平衡线高度和物质平衡的变化与图尤克苏冰川相似, 而与乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的差异相对较大。     

盛冰期数十年尺度东亚季风变化的洞穴石笋记录

据湖北青天洞和南京葫芦洞石笋9个230Th年龄和430个δ18O测试数据,建立了18.4～14.4 kaBP平均分辨率7～8 a的东亚季风时间序列.在共同生长时段(17.5～16和18.4～17.5 kaBP),两个洞穴石笋给出了数十年尺度几乎完全一致的δ18O信号,证明了石笋δ18O记录可靠地反映了大尺度区域性季风环流及其水气同位素分馏变化.17.7和16.1 kaBP左右,石笋δ18O值明显正偏,振幅达2‰,指示两次显著的弱夏季风事件,与北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件H1b和H1a同步发生,可视为东亚季风气候系统对北大西洋H1事件的一种响应,18.3～17.7 kaBP期间,东亚季风区存在强季风降水事件,平均强度相当于Bφlling暖期的1/2,最湿润时甚至接近于Bφlling暖期降水强度,可能与北大西洋经向翻转环流的强度变化有关,这一强降水事件内部干湿旋回变化周期与Gleissberg太阳活动周期极为吻合.     

藏东南波堆藏布江流域古乡冰期冰川重建

"古乡冰期"是青藏高原第四纪冰川作用中最具代表性的冰期之一,指代的是倒数第二次冰期,其命名依据来源于藏东南波堆藏布江谷地、保存于古乡一带的终碛-侧碛垄,已有的宇宙成因核素10Be暴露测年结果显示其发生于海洋氧同位素阶段(MIS)6.然而,古乡冰期时波堆藏布江流域冰川作用范围、冰量及平衡线高度(ELA)等关键信息,仍有待...     

MM5对末次盛冰期中国气候的模拟研究Ⅱ:海陆分布、植被和大尺度环流背景变化的影响

利用全球模式CCM3嵌套区域模式MM5的方法研究了末次盛冰期海陆分布、植被和大尺度环流背景场变化对末次盛冰期气候变化的作用。模式结果表明:与现代相比,末次盛冰期东亚地区海陆分布发生的变化造成这一地区冬季减温,夏季增温,这个变化对中国东部近海地区的温度和降水产生明显的影响,尤其是对降水的影响。它使得中国东部地区降水减少,由此造成的降水减少占末次盛冰期降水减少的25%—50%。海陆分布的变化对内陆和中国西部地区影响很小。末次盛冰期中国东部地区植被发生了明显的变化,温带和寒带植物南移,热带植物的覆盖范围减少。中国东部地区植被的巨大变化对温度产生了影响,使该地区冬季增温,夏季减温,年平均温度变化不大。末次盛冰期全球气候发生巨大的变化,即大尺度环流背景场变化。它使得中国地区的温度和降水产生显著变化,这个变化造成中国地区温度降低,并且决定了温度变化的主要分布和变化特征,东北地区是中国末次盛冰期降温最大的地区,青藏高原的降温超过同纬度的东部地区等。同时,大尺度背景场的变化还控制着降水的变化,末次盛冰期中国西部地区和东北地区降水的变化几乎完全是背景场变化引起的,其对华北和华东地区降水的影响大约为50%—75%。综合我们研究的影响末次盛冰期中国地区气候变化的因子,按影响程度由大到小排序为:大尺度环流背景场、海陆分布变化、植被变化、CO2浓度变化和地球轨道参数变化。     

Impact of a realistic river routing in coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum climate

The presence of large ice sheets over North America and North Europe at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) strongly impacted Northern hemisphere river pathways. Despite the fact that such changes may significantly alter the freshwater input to the ocean, modified surface hydrology has never been accounted for in coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model simulations of the LGM climate. To reconstruct the LGM river routing, we use the ICE-5G LGM topography. Because of the uncertainties in the extent of the Fennoscandian ice sheet in the Eastern part of the Kara Sea, we consider two more realistic river routing scenarios. The first scenario is characterised by the presence of an ice dammed lake south of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, and corresponds to the ICE-5G topography. This lake is fed by the Ob and Yenisei rivers. In the second scenario, both these rivers flow directly into the Arctic Ocean, which is more consistent with the latest QUEEN ice sheet margin reconstructions. We study the impact of these changes on the LGM climate as simulated by the IPSL_CM4 model and focus on the overturning thermohaline circulation. A comparison with a classical LGM simulation performed using the same model and modern river basins as designed in the PMIP2 exercise leads to the following conclusions: (1) The discharge into the North Atlantic Ocean is increased by 2,000 m³/s between 38° and 54°N in both simulations that contain LGM river routing, compared to the classical LGM experiment. (2) The ice dammed lake is shown to have a weak impact, relative to the classical simulation, both in terms of climate and ocean circulation. (3) In contrast, the North Atlantic deep convection and meridional overturning are weaker than during the classical LGM run if the Ob and Yenisei rivers flow directly into the Arctic Ocean. The total discharge into the Arctic Ocean is increased by 31,000 m³/s, relative to the classical LGM simulation. Consequentially, northward ocean heat transport is weaker, and sea ice more extensive, in better agreement with existing proxy data.     

LGM lake records from China and an analysis of climate dynamics using a modelling approach

Lake-geological studies in China have reported that there were much higher lake levels and much fresher water than today at the last glacial maximum (LGM) in western China. A compilation of lake data in this study showed LGM conditions much drier than today in eastern China but somewhat wetter in western China. These E–W differential patterns of climate conditions were completely different from the modern dry-wet conditions with a N–S differential distribution. In this study palaeoclimate simulations by an AGCM coupled with land surface process model were used to explore the possible mechanisms of LGM climate in China. The results confirmed that the dry conditions in eastern China resulted from less summer precipitation due to the Pacific Subtropical High occupying eastern China and the decline in the summer monsoon. The wet conditions in western China were produced by a decrease in evaporation due to a low temperature on land surface at the LGM and increase in precipitation. Two experiments of the palaeoclimate simulations with different land surface of modern and palaeo-vegetations have been designed to test the discrepancies of simulated LGM climate with in precipitation and P–E fields. The results suggested that the feedback from the Asian land surface within the climate system would amplify and modify external forcing, leading to marked climate changes in China.     

An assessment of variations in mercury deposition to Antarctica over the past 34,000 years

We performed a comparison analysis of the variations .in Mercury ( Hg) concentrations and the precipitation proxies ( e. g. , 18 O values and 10 Be concentrations) in the Dome C ice core. The results showed that there were significant correlations between Hg and δ 10O values, 10Be concentrations, indicating that the accumulation rate in Dome C is one of the key factors controlling the variations of Hg concentrations in the past 34 ,000 years, and implying that Hg concentrations in ice core can be used as another reliable proxy of precipitation rate in Antarctica. Based upon the high-resolution δ 18O values, we estimated the variations in mercury deposition flux to Antarctica over the past 34,000 years. The highest mercury deposition flux is about 3. 80 pg cm-2 yr-1 during the Last Glacial Maxium (LGM) as high as 3. 5 times of the mercury deposition flux ( about 1. 08 pg cm -2 yr -1) in Holocene due to the fluctuations in natural mercury emissions such as the oceanic biological emissions.