开挖扰动下地下交叉洞室错动带岩体微震演化规律

错动带具有“历史上多次剪切错动、延伸范围广、遇水易软化、力学强度低”的软弱特性,致使其在开挖卸荷作用下极易诱发不同程度的变形和破坏,进而严重影响地下洞室的稳定性。针对白鹤滩水电站右岸9#母线洞（地下交叉洞室）发生的错动带岩体塌方破坏,借助高精度、实时微震监测系统,系统地研究了塌方孕育过程中的微震活动性,包括微震事件时空演化规律、震级和视应力分布特征。采用矩张量理论,反演塌方孕育过程中的微震事件破裂机制（张拉、剪切或混合）,归纳、总结其演化过程为：表层围岩卸荷张拉破裂→裂纹渐进向围岩深部扩展→破裂沿错动带方向萌生、扩展（张拉破裂为主,伴随剪切或混合破裂）→裂缝与错动带交汇,切割出不稳定楔形体→爆破振动或重力作用下,错动带岩体塌方。该研究结果可为高应力地下交叉洞室错动带岩体的开挖、支护提供参考,同时对类似工程的施工具有重要借鉴意义。     

Occurrence and Distribution of Organic Contaminants in the Aquatic System in Berlin. Part I: Drug Residues and other Polar Contaminants in Berlin Surface and Groundwater

Several polar contaminants were found in screening analyses of 30 representative surface water samples collected from rivers, lakes, and canals in Berlin. Residues of pharmaceuticals and N-(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine originating from various sewage treatment plants effluents were found at concentrations up to the μg/L-level in the surface water, whereas the concentrations of polar pesticides such as dichlorprop and mecoprop were always below 0.1 μg/L. The pharmaceuticals most frequently detected in the surface water samples include clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, propiphenazone, and two other drug metabolites. Additional investigations of groundwater wells of a drinking water plant have shown that polar contaminants such as drug residues or N-(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine easily leach through the subsoil into the groundwater aquifers when contaminated surface water is used for groundwater recharge in drinking water production.     

2种海藻中半挥发性物质的成分分析

选择孔石莼(Uiva pertusa)和蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia filicina)两种海藻在挥发油测定器中用乙酸乙酯通过循环蒸馏萃取,浓缩后用电子轰击(electron impact,EI)源在全扫描检测模式下进行检测。各分离组分采用美国国家标准局NIST147及WILEY7谱库检索定性,采用色谱峰面积归一法进行相对定量。从两种海藻中共鉴定出61种半挥发性化合物,以醛类物质种类最多,半挥发性组分主要是醛类、脂肪酸类和醇类物质。两种海藻中含量最高的均是棕榈酸和十五醛。烘干对鉴定出的半挥发性物质种类没有影响,但对同一类物质,保留时间短的组分烘干后质量分数有增加的趋势,而保留时间长的组分质量分数有减少的趋势。该方法是一种灵敏、准确的分析方法,可以为海洋微藻中半挥发性成分的研究提供科学依据。     

2015年塔吉克斯坦MS7.4地震的InSAR观测及其构造意义

利用欧空局提供的Sentinel-1A卫星差分干涉数据为约束,对2015-12-07塔吉克斯坦MS7.4地震的震源机制进行反演。首先运用两轨法对卫星雷达影像进行差分干涉处理,获取覆盖塔吉克斯坦地震震区的同震形变场,然后运用分布式滑动模型反演获取较精细的断层滑动分布。结果显示,分布式滑动模型与观测结果有很高的拟合度。反演结果表明,发震断层以左旋走滑运动为主,此次地震断层的最大滑移量为4.42 m,同震的地震矩为73.71×1018 Nm,矩震级为MW7.19,与震后USGS、GCMT、IPGP等机构给出的震源机制解结果一致,是在具有左旋走滑运动特征的显著构造背景下的一次正常、必然的破裂事件。     

A RESTUDY OF THE SEISMOGENIC FAULTS OF THE 2014 LUDIAN MS6.5 EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE

Differently from the existing studies, about 210 days of the original seismic recordings since the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake are collected from almost all of the nearby stations, and a velocity model and a non-linear location technique are specially selected, in order to relocate the sources of the earthquake sequences. What is more, the same model as used in determining the absolute locations is adopted as the DD technique is used to determine their relative locations. Then the strikes and dips of the seismogenic faults are estimated by linearly fitting the source locations, and finally a new explanation is proposed for the sequence formation. It is shown that the sequence may be divided into 4 sub-areas spatially, each of which corresponds to a nearly vertical fault with but different dimensions and striking azimuths, and that two of them are relatively larger and linked with each other, being the main faults of the sequence, and two others are relatively smaller and separated away from the main faults. These 4 faults, together with the local existing faults, form a radiating-shaped structure reflecting the complicated tectonics, which is very likely to be related with the density variation in lower crust.     

Age gap between the intrusion of gneissose granitoids and regional high‐temperature metamorphism in the Ryoke belt (Mikawa area), central Japan

The relationships between the intrusion of gneissose granitoids and the attainment of regional high‐T conditions recorded in metamorphic rocks from the Ryoke belt of the Mikawa area, central Japan, are explored. Seven gneissose granitoid samples (tonalite, granodiorite, granite) were collected from three distinct plutonic bodies that are mapped as the so‐called “Older Ryoke granitoids.” Based on bulk‐rock compositions and U–Pb zircon ages obtained by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the analyzed granitoids can be separated into two groups. Gneissose granitoids from the northern part of the area give weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 99 ±1 Ma (two samples) and 95 ±1 Ma (one sample), whereas those from the southern part yield 81 ±1 Ma (two samples) and 78–77 ±1 Ma (two samples). Regional comparisons allow correlation of the northern granitoids (99–95 Ma) with the Kiyosaki granodiorite, and mostly with the Kamihara tonalite found to the east. The southern granitoids are tentatively renamed as “78–75 Ma (Hbl)?Bt granite” and “81–75 Ma Hbl?Bt tonalite” (Hbl, hornblende; Bt, biotite). and seem to be broadly coeval members of the same magmatic suite. With respect to available age data, no gneissose granitoid from the Mikawa area shows a U–Pb zircon age which matches that of high‐T metamorphism (ca 87 Ma). The southern gneissose granitoids (81–75 Ma), although they occur in the highest‐grade metamorphic zone, do not seem to represent the heat source which produced the metamorphic field gradient with a low dP/dT slope.     

VELOCITY STRUCTURE TOMOGRAPHY OF REGIONS DOWNSTREAM THE JINSHA RIVER BASED ON DENSE OBSERVATION

In this paper, the double difference seismic tomography method is applied to the phase arrival times of 7 465 seismic events to determine the hypocenter parameters of events as well as detailed 3D velocity structure at the northern segment of Xiaojiang Fault and its surrounding area. The data was recorded by 42 stations of the Jinshajiang River network from August 2013 to November 2016. At 2~6km, V_P and V_S present low velocity anomalies along the northern segment of Xiaojiang Fault, and the V_S anomaly is especially remarkable. On both sides of the Xiaojiang Fault, there also exist obvious P and S wave low velocity areas. These low velocity areas correspond to the terrain, lithology distribution and the watershed of Jinsha River at shallower layer in the study area. Starting from 6km, a NE-directed high V_P band along Zhaotong-Ludian and Huize-Yiliang Fault is formed on the eastern side of the northern segment of Xiaojiang Fault. V_S also shows the high value in the area bounded by Lianfeng Fault, Baogunao-Xiaohe Fault and Huize-Yiliang Fault. Above 10km depth, to the west side of the Xiaojiang Fault including the Ninghui Fault, V_P shows a significant low-velocity anomaly, while to the east side it presents high velocity feature. The Xiaojiang fault zone shows a significant low V_P from north to south in the study region, and the low velocity anomaly in the northern segment is relatively significant, especially the low velocity anomaly area reaches 15km deep around Qiaojia area. Beneath the Baihetan Dam, a significant low V_P area reaching to 5km deep is found. The earthquakes around the dam formed a strip from shallow to deep on the low-velocity area side. Whereas, a stable high-velocity area is found under the Wudongde Dam. The events relocation result shows that:all the focal depths in the study area are shallower than 20km, and the predominant focal depth is within 15km. Different from the NE-trending of the major faults in the study area, the relocated seismic events are obviously distributed nearly east-west along Matang Fault and Daduo Fault and the region around Huize. The focal depths of M_S6.5 Ludian earthquake sequences are shallower than 15km, and mostly less than 10km. The aftershocks within 2a after the Ludian M6.5 earthquake form two predominant bands of about 40km and 20km along near EW and SN direction, respectively.     

新疆呼图壁M_S6.2地震定点形变异常分析

通过对呼图壁MS6.2地震周围台站前兆资料的梳理、分析,其结果表明,榆树沟洞体应变趋势压缩、阜康水管仪趋势E倾、库尔勒水平摆趋势W倾、库尔勒断层趋势压缩等背景异常表明此区域应力处于不断积累状态;新源井下摆出现快速N倾、年变畸变中期异常;榆树沟水管仪出现速率加快,巴伦台钻孔应变出现大幅压性变化等短临异常。此次地震发生前前兆中期异常出现时间早,且距震中较远,而临震异常出现时间较为晚,距震中较近,中期和临震异常的空间演化呈现由外围向近场迁移的现象。     

2018年永清M_S 4.3地震前易县地震台形变异常分析

2018年2月12日18:31:36河北省廊坊市永清县MS 4.3地震发生前,易县地震台SS-Y型铟瓦棒伸缩仪和DSQ型水管倾斜仪记录出现不同程度的异常,从异常形态起始及持续时间、异常幅度和发震时刻进行分析,发现二者相对应,认为此次异常应为永清地震震前异常。