2019年西藏墨脱MS6.3地震震源参数及其构造意义

北京时间2019年4月24日04∶15,西藏自治区林芝市墨脱县发生了M_S6.3地震,该地震位于印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞的东北犄角地区,构造背景十分复杂.本研究基于我们在东喜马拉雅构造结地区架设的宽频带地震台站记录的近震波形数据,结合中国和国际地震台网的波形和到时资料,对该地震的震源位置、震源机制解和破裂过程进行了重新确定.结果显示,此次墨脱6.3级地震发生在（94.56±0.01°E,28.41±0.01°N）,震源深度为地表以下13.3±1.6（或海平面以下11.5±1.6）km.震源机制解走向/倾角/滑移角分别为202°/17°/20°,震源破裂较大的位置主要集中在初始破裂点NNE侧约5 km附近.结合其他地球物理和地质学资料,我们推测该地震位于主喜马拉雅逆冲断裂发生近90°突然偏转的大拐弯地区,桑构造结相对于其西侧南迦巴瓦构造结的西向俯冲和北向推挤是该地震发生的主要构造背景.     

Ageing of Dissolved Halogenated Humic Substances and the Microbiological Influence on this Process

The distribution of halogens in various fractions of humic substances (HS), separated by their molecular weight, was found to be different for the different halogens. This was demonstrated for chlorine, bromine, and iodine in sewage and brown water samples by applying inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry coupled with size‐exclusion chromatography. Quantification of the different fractions of iodinated humic substances was obtained by quadrupole mass spectrometry in connection with the isotope dilution technique using an ¹²⁹I‐enriched spike solution. Quantitative analysis was not possible for the corresponding chlorine and bromine species because of spectrometric interferences in the quadrupole instrument. The ageing of HS/halogen species was followed with respect to possible transformations of these species in a ground and sewage water sample up to eight weeks. Even if a distinct structural variation of the humic substance was observed with time by measuring the UV absorption, chlorine remained in the same molecular weight fraction and only a small change was found for the HS/bromine species after eight weeks. In contrast to these findings a substantial transformation of HS/iodine compounds took place, which demonstrated that the transfer probability of halogens from one to another HS fraction is increased with decreasing strength of the halogen bond to carbon. By comparing the results of an original sewage water sample with a filtered one and with another one which was enriched by microorganisms cultivated from the same original sample, a strong microbiological influence on the transformation of HS/iodine species was found. A quantitative balance of the corresponding HS/iodine fractions was calculated for an ageing period of eight weeks showing that iodine was preferably transferred to newly formed UV active HS substances of high molecular weight. In total, no iodine was released from the humic substances.     

Problems and Solutions in Pesticide Analysis Using Solid‐phase Extraction (SPE) and Gas Chromatography Ion‐trap Mass Spectrometry Detection (GC‐MS)

In the present study an analytical method was tested for the determination of selected pesticides and metabolites using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography ion‐trap mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The extraction efficiency of C18, Isolut ENV+, and Lichrolut EN for SPE was compared for trifluralin, fenitrothion, endosulfan, propargite, 2,4‐D, 3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenol, 2‐(4‐tert‐butylphenoxy)cyclohexanol, endosulfan sulfate, and 2,4‐dichlorophenol. Isolut ENV+ and C18 showed good results as sorbents and acetone as an elution solvent for SPE for the selected pesticides. Recoveries varied between 36% and 176% with a relative standard deviation of 2...18%. Because of coextracts from the SPE materials, recovery values higher than 100% were obtained for fenitrothion, endosulfan sulfate, and 2,4‐D with C18 as well as for endosulfan sulfate and 3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenol with Isolut ENV+. A standard addition method was used to verify the occurrence of coextracts in the sample after SPE.     

扬子板块西南缘基性侵入岩锆石年龄及地球化学特征——Columbia超级大陆裂解的响应

云南易门狮子山铜矿区广泛出露辉绿、辉长岩体。前人对区内基性岩浆岩研究程度较低,缺乏辉绿岩的形成时代资料。本文采用锆石激光剥蚀法(LA-ICP-MS)对云南易门狮子山铜矿一带的辉绿岩进行了年代测定及地球化学分析,首次获得锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为1858±18 Ma(MSWD=0.90,n=13),代表了该辉绿岩的形成和侵位时代。辉绿岩全岩地球化学具有类似于OIB的特征,SiO_2含量(49.1%～49.8%),高Ti_2O(2.68%～3.22%);低MgO(4.85%～5.51%),碱含量(4.86%～5.29%),其原始岩浆来源于富集型地幔,构造背景形成于伸展构造环境,表明约1858 Ma扬子板块处于碰撞后板内伸展构造环境,应为Columbia超大陆裂解的产物。易门狮子山地区被辉绿岩侵入接触的原"东川群"地层的沉积时代应大于辉绿岩的侵位时代,结合岩性组合及区域资料,应划入中太古界元江群。     

内蒙古扎鲁特旗二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

本文对内蒙古扎鲁特旗二长花岗岩体开展岩相学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究,探讨岩体的形成时代、成因及地质意义。研究表明,二长花岗岩中的锆石U-Pb加权年龄分别为124±1 Ma和126±1 Ma,侵入时代为早白垩世。二长花岗岩中SiO_2含量为69.45%～73.64%,Na_2O和K_2O含量分别为3.16%～4.62%、3.78%～4.37%;铝饱和指数A/CNK介于1.00～1.25之间,属于高钾钙碱性过铝质高分异的I型花岗岩。同时,微量元素中K、Ba、Rb等大离子亲石元素以及Zr、Th、U、Hf等不相容元素呈现富集状态,P、Ti、Nb、Ta等高场强元素则亏损严重。结合区域构造演化背景,本文认为大兴安岭南段扎鲁特旗地区的伸展作用应主要与蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山带的伸展垮塌作用有关。     

基于MS4W和GPRS／GSM的车辆综合监控系统设计与实现

GPS技术、WebGIS技术和GPRS／GSM技术的有机结合,为移动目标进行远程监控调度提供了手段。为实现对物流运输公司的车辆进行实时监控,设计并实现了基于MS4W和GPRS／GSM的车辆综合监控系统一系统涉及用于获取车辆GPS定位数据的通讯工作站、基于B／S四层模式的Web车辆监控平台等关键技术。实现的系统已经应用于上海多家物流运输公司,均取得良好效果,结果表明,系统具有实用性、安全性、可靠性和实时性,可以有效远程监控所有在GSM网覆盖范围内的移动目标：本文主要介绍该系统的总体设计思想、系统功能、关键技术和应用实例．     

Determination of Sm‐Nd Isotopic Compositions in Fifteen Geological Materials Using Laser Ablation MC‐ICP‐MS and Application to Monazite Geochronology of Metasedimentary Rock in the North China Craton

In this study, we report both ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd values in twelve minerals (apatite, titanite, monazite and eudialyte) based on analyses over 4 years using LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS. The positive correlation between the measured β_Sm and β_Nd (r² = 0.9981) over this time in our laboratory demonstrates the excellent long‐term stability of the method. Compared with the normal method, Sm and Nd signal intensities were improved by a factor of 2.9 with the use of X skimmer and Jet sample cones in combination with the addition of nitrogen at 3–6 ml min^?1 to the central gas flow. The enhancement of signal intensity benefits the accurate in situ determination of the Sm‐Nd isotopes of samples poor in these elements. ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values were also determined in two manganese nodules and GSMC Co‐rich crust with low mass fractions of Nd (94–293 μg g^?1). Generally, most of the obtained Sm‐Nd isotopic compositions in these geological materials are consistent with published values. ‘External reproducibility’ (2s) of ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd was typically better than 0.06‰ and 2.5‰, respectively, demonstrating that the Durango, Otter Lake, NW‐1 and MAD apatites, the Khan, and OLT‐1 titanites, MGMH#117531 monazite and LV01 eudialyte are promising candidate reference materials for in situ Sm‐Nd isotopic determinations. The Trebilcock, Mae Klang and 44069 monazites are only suitable for in situ Nd isotopic determinations because of their heterogeneous Sm/Nd compositions. The heterogeneous Sm‐Nd composition of titanite BLR‐1 demonstrates that it is not a suitable reference material for in situ Sm‐Nd isotopic determinations. Deep‐sea samples (NOD‐A‐1 and NOD‐P‐1 manganese nodule, GSMC Co‐rich crust) with low mass fractions of Nd also show homogenous Nd isotopic compositions. Sm‐Nd isotopic ratios of a monazite (MQG‐22) from the North China Craton were measured as a case study and gave a ¹⁴⁷Sm‐¹⁴³Nd isochron age of 1792 ± 35 Ma (MSWD = 3.2) consistent with the published metamorphic age of the host metasedimentary rocks. The results for both candidate reference materials and geological samples demonstrate that the in situ LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS analytical protocol described is feasible and robust for research in geological evolution.     

致密油与页岩油内涵、特征、潜力及挑战

致密油是当前全球非常规石油发展的亮点领域,页岩油是未来非常规石油发展的潜在资源。基于国内外页岩层系液态烃地质特征系统研究,提出致密油与页岩油的"甜点区"分布,应着眼烃源性、岩性、物性、脆性、含油气性与应力各向异性"六特性"匹配评价;并指出中国有利页岩层系的特点是液态烃TOC2%(S12mg/g),纹层状页岩或致密砂岩、致密碳酸盐岩,孔隙度较高(致密油储集层孔隙度大于10%,页岩油储集层孔隙度大于3%),脆性矿物含量大于40%,含油饱和度60%~90%,较低原油黏度或较高地层压力,天然裂缝发育;对比北美有利页岩层系地质特征表明,北美有利页岩层系液态烃TOC大于4%,呈纹层状页岩或泥灰岩,孔隙度大于7%,脆性矿物含量大于50%,含油饱和度50%~80%,API40°及压力系数大于1.30,天然裂缝发育。围绕中国陆相致密油与页岩油沉积储集层,初步提出陆相细粒沉积分布模式、陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐岩混合成因的储集层岩石分类方案,初步预测技术可采资源量致密油约(20~25)×108t,页岩油约(30~60)×108t。陆相湖盆细粒沉积成因与分布、致密储集层微-纳米级储集空间结构、页岩层系液态烃充注及流动机制、页岩层系液态烃地球物理响应模型、资源潜力及"甜点区"评价预测等,将成为新时期非常规油气地质面临主要挑战与创新重点。     

Classical and New Procedures of Whole Rock Dissolution for Trace Element Determination by ICP‐MS

Sample digestion is a critical stage in the process of chemical analysis of geological materials by ICP‐MS. We present a new HF/HNO₃ procedure to dissolve silicate rock samples using a high pressure asher system. The formation of insoluble AlF₃ was the major obstacle in achieving full recoveries. This was overcome by setting an appropriate digestion temperature and adding Mg to the samples before digestion. Sodium peroxide sintering was also investigated and the inclusion of a heating step to the alkaline sinter solution improved the recoveries of thirteen elements other than the lanthanides. The results of these procedures were compared with data sets generated by common acid decomposition techniques. Forty‐one trace elements were determined using an ICP‐QMS equipped with a collision cell. Under optimum conditions of gas flow and kinetic energy discrimination, polyatomic interferences were eliminated or attenuated. The measurement bias obtained for eight reference materials (BCR‐2, BHVO‐2, BIR‐1, BRP‐1, OU‐6, GSP‐2, GSR‐1 and RGM‐1) and intermediate precision (RSD) were generally better than ± 5%. The expanded measurement uncertainties estimated for two certified reference materials were mostly between 7 and 15%. New data sets for the reference materials are provided, including constituents with previously unavailable values and also for the USGS candidate reference material G‐3.     

2020年7月23日西藏尼玛MS 6.6地震总结

系统总结2020年7月23日西藏尼玛MS 6.6地震的构造背景、震源参数、序列特征和震前异常特征.此次MS 6.6地震发生在依布茶卡—日干配错断裂分支附近,震源机制解显示为近NS向拉张型破裂,与羌塘块体的主要变形特征一致.根据M—t图、频次图、能量释放、最大与次大地震震级差、b值、h值等结果进行分析,可知:①此次尼玛地...