土钉支护中土钉力和位移的计算问题

土钉支护是一种比较经济的支护方式,工程实践中已广泛应用,但其设计理论则相对缺乏。针对目前土钉支护设计中存在的主要问题,即土钉力和土钉支护位移的计算分析,以工程实测资料为背景,根据侧壁主动土压力与总土钉力相等的原则,考虑施工过程的影响和增量法的思想,提出了基于经验和理论相结合的土钉力计算公式。按照弹性力学理论,对由于土的开挖引起支护的土体侧移提出了简易的位移计算公式。通过工程实测检验了公式的正确性。这些计算公式简便,其结果较符合实际,较好地解决了土钉支护设计的主要问题,可为工程设计提供参考。     

甘肃典型夯土民房承重墙体加固试验研究

武都是甘肃省典型夯土民房使用地区,研究其夯土民房的抗震性能对于防灾减灾具有重要意义。在试验中,使用武都当地常用土料,完全按照其施工工艺夯筑4片夯土墙体试件,利用伪静力方法研究了素土墙体与使用铁丝网加固墙体的抗剪强度。结果显示：①在竖向荷载10 kN条件下,加固墙体试件较素土墙体试件的水平开裂荷载和极限荷载分别增长了73%和38%,在竖向荷载18 kN条件下,加固墙体试件素土墙体试件的水平开裂荷载和极限荷载分别增长了76%和5%;②随着竖向荷载从10 kN增加到18 kN,素土墙体试件的水平开裂荷载与极限荷载分别增长了217%和359%,加固墙体试件的水平开裂荷载与极限荷载则增长了223%和249%;③在水平往复荷载的作用下,夯土墙体始终沿着夯土层间的水平和垂直接触裂缝产生破坏,最终碎裂成块体。     

钢筋混凝土剪力墙弹塑性分析方法

钢筋混凝土剪力墙弹塑性分析可以采用微观方法和宏观方法,本文对这些方法进行了介绍和比较,尤其是对于剪力墙的宏观有限元模型进行了较详细的论述,指出了各自的优缺点。认为如果对高层剪力墙结构进行分析,应尽可能采用宏观方法,而对于宏观剪力墙模型的选取是至关重要的。在此基础上提出了一些有益的建议。     

T形短肢剪力墙弹塑性模型及地震反应分析

根据短肢剪力墙结构的受力和变形特点,对多竖直杆模型进行了改进,建立了截面位移模型,摒弃了杆模型平截面假定的限制,有效地考虑了剪滞效应和翼缘的影响。利用变分原理导出了T形短肢剪力墙的空间单元刚度矩阵,研制了弹塑性时程分析程序,并输入三种不同的地震动进行了算例分析,计算结果表明,短肢剪力墙结构抗震性能较好,适合于在地震区推广使用。     

青海省黑泉水库混凝土面板坝的工程地质问题与工程处理措施

黑泉混凝土面板坝高 1 2 3.5 0m ,位居中国已建成的混凝土面板坝第四。坝址地形破碎 ,构造发育 ,工程地质条件复杂 ,河床第四纪砂卵砾石层存在不利于坝体稳定和变形的夹层 ,大坝设计采取了一些独具特色的结构措施 ,较好地适应了特殊的地质条件。本文重点分析了大坝的工程地质条件及相应的工程处理措施。     

杭州湾北岸漕径-柘林岸段的海堤预警分析

在分析杭州湾北岸漕径一柘林岸段海堤实测断面资料的基础上,利用剖面冲淤对比统计和非参数Mann-Kendall检验对不同岸段的断面稳定性进行研究,以揭示海堤潜在的危险程度。结果表明,海堤安全警戒线可分为三级：第1级：0m等深线,水平距离大堤约为50m;第2级：-3m等深线,水平距离大堤约为150m;第3级：-8m等深线,水平距离大堤约为400m。3级警戒线应视不同岸段而分别评价。     

A regularized fiber element model for reinforced concrete shear walls

Reinforced concrete shear walls are used because they provide high lateral stiffness and resistance to extreme seismic loads. However, with the increase in building height, these walls have become slenderer and hence responsible of carrying larger axial and shear loads. Because 2D/3D finite element inelastic models for walls are still complex and computationally demanding, simplified but accurate and efficient fiber element models are necessary to quickly assess the expected seismic performance of these buildings. A classic fiber element model is modified herein to produce objective results under particular loading conditions of the walls, that is, high axial loads, low axial loads, and nearly constant bending moment. To make it more widely applicable, a shear model based on the modified compression field theory was added to this fiber element. Consequently, this paper shows the formulation of the proposed element and its validation with different experimental results of cyclic tests reported in the literature. It was found that in order to get objective responses in the element, the regularization techniques based on fracture energy had to be modified, and nonlinearities because of buckling and fracture of steel bars, concrete crushing, and strain penetration effects were needed to replicate the experimental cyclic behavior. Thus, even under the assumption of plane sections, which makes the element simple and computationally efficient, the proposed element was able to reproduce the experimental data, and therefore, it can be used to estimate the seismic performance of walls in reinforced concrete buildings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic response of multi-tiered reinforced soil retaining walls

In this study, a validated Finite Element procedure was used to investigate the similarities and differences of seismic performances between single- and multi-tiered reinforced soil walls. Three-tiered walls at a total height of 9 m were analyzed together with vertical walls at the same height. It was found from the Finite Element analyses that the resonant frequency of reinforced soil walls might increase with an increase in the tier-offset. The multi-tiered configuration could considerably reduce the residual lateral facing displacement and the average reinforcement load, and the reinforcement load distribution with height was different from that in vertical walls. With the same reinforcement length and spacing, the multi-tiered walls resulted in smaller reinforcement connection loads with the facing blocks. The study filled the gap of seismic behavior of multi-tiered reinforced soil retaining walls and revealed a few unique dynamic properties of this type of earth structures.     

Analytical solution of seismic pseudo-static active thrust acting on fascia retaining walls

This paper presents a limit equilibrium method, based on the approach of Mononobe and Okabe, for calculating the active thrust on fascia retaining walls, where common methods cannot be used owing to the narrowness of the backfill which does not permit the development of the thrust wedge in the shape and sizes predicted by these methods. The proposed method examines three distinct failure mechanisms, called Mechanism 1, Mechanism 2 and Mechanism 3, where the thrust wedge is formed by one, two or three blocks, respectively; separated by plane slip surfaces. The seismic forces have been simulated with the pseudo-static method. For all three mechanisms, the active thrust is obtained in closed form: in particular, with a cubic equation for Mechanism 2, and with a system of two equations, one cubic and the other quartic, for Mechanism 3. Mechanisms with more than three blocks cannot have analytical solutions. The study is completed by an examination of some significant cases from which the higher attenuation of the seismic thrust, with respect to the static, emerges as the backfill width reduces.     

Dynamic analysis of flexible cantilever wall retaining elastic soil by a modified Vlasov–Leontiev model

Dynamic response of a flexible cantilever wall retaining elastic soil to harmonic transverse seismic excitations is determined with the aid of a modified Vlasov–Leontiev foundation model and on the assumption of vanishing vertical displacement of the soil medium. The soil–wall interaction is taken into consideration in the presented model. The governing equations and boundary conditions of the two unknown coupled functions in the model are derived in terms of Hamilton׳s principle. Solutions of the two unknown functions are obtained on the basis of an iterative algorithm. The present method is verified by comparing its results with those of the existing analytical solution. Moreover, a mechanical model is proposed to evaluate the presented method physically. A parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of the soil–wall system properties and the excitations on the dynamic response of the wall.