构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的控制机理: 马努斯海盆为例

综述了马努斯海盆热液区构造特征、基底差异, 结合马努斯海盆热液区热液活动与构造-岩浆特征, 探讨了二者的耦合关系, 以及构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的影响和控制。马努斯海盆位于西南太平洋俾斯麦海的东北部, 是世界上扩张速度最快的海盆之一。马努斯海盆西部(马努斯扩张中心, Manus Spreading Center, MSC)主要由海盆扩张成熟期产生的大洋中脊玄武岩组成, 属于成熟弧后扩张中心,发育Vienna Woods热液区; 海盆东部(东南裂谷, Southeast Rift, SER)则是一个拉张裂谷, 处于扩张的早期阶段, 属于不成熟弧后扩张中心, 发育PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSu Knolls三大热液区。MSC与大洋中脊的热液活动相似, 而SER因受到火山、俯冲作用影响更为显著, 其热液流体具有岩浆流体和俯冲流体的特征。与Vienna Woods热液压相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS以及SuSu Knolls三个热液区的水深相对较浅(1 150～1 740 m), 是地球内部热物质由内向外迁移的结果, 其下部岩浆作用强烈。此外,岩浆脱气作用和数值模拟结果表明, PACMANUS热液系统中具有岩浆流体的输入。与Vienna Woods热液区相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSu Knolls热液区的热液活动强度及流体组成主要受控于岩浆作用。     

A climatology of mesoscale model simulated low-level wind jets over Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait, Alaska

Weather in the North Gulf of Alaska is characterized by a high frequency of deep synoptic-scale low-pressure systems, especially during the cold season. The strong pressure gradients of these storms interact with the extremely rugged terrain of the coastal mountains to produce a variety of channeled flows. These surface wind regimes are not well documented in the scientific community, due to the paucity of observations. Modeling of these phenomena in regions of complex terrain is of great interest to those working with hydrodynamic, wave, and pollutant transport models in coastal and shelf areas. Such models, when coupled with ocean and coastal-ecology counterparts, give a broad view of the role surface winds play in shaping local coastal marine ecosystem in this region. This paper presents a climatology of simulated low-level wind jets over the domain of Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait along Alaska's south-central coast. Daily simulations using the RAMS model were conducted in a 36-h forecast mode for the cold-season period 10/1/03 to 3/31/04. Systematic analysis of the resulting simulated low-level wind field makes it possible to characterize these jets and gap flows in spatial and temporal detail. The comparison between the RAMS winds and the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-derived winds when available verifies the existence of these wind jets and the capability of the model to simulate these cases. Clearly, the results of a study in this region depend on the fidelity of the model at these scales (O[5 km]). The SAR comparisons attempt to help establish this. From the 6 months of simulations over Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait, the low-level wind jets are classified into 10 different regimes by location and orientation. These regimes are categorized into four more general groups: cross-channel westerly, easterly, and up and down Inlet flows. The nature of a particular regime is largely a function of pressure gradient orientation and local topography. Jets in the same group have a similar occurrence distribution with time. Some form of jet occurred in the study region almost daily each month of the period, with December 2003 having the highest frequency of wind jets.     

Simulation of paleotectonic stress fields and quantitative prediction of multi-period fractures in shale reservoirs: A case study of the Niutitang Formation in the Lower Cambrian in the Cen'gong block,South China

Reservoirs where tectonic fractures significantly impact fluid flow are widespread. Industrial-level shale gas production has been established from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Cen'gong block, South China; the practice of exploration and development of shale gas in the Cen'gong block shows that the abundance of gas in different layers and wells is closely related to the degree of development of fractures. In this study, the data obtained from outcrop, cores, and logs were used to determine the developmental characteristics of such tectonic fractures. By doing an analysis of structural evolution, acoustic emission, burial history, logging evaluation, seismic inversion, and rock mechanics tests, 3-D heterogeneous geomechanical models were established by using a finite element method (FEM) stress analysis approach to simulate paleotectonic stress fields during the Late Hercynian—Early Indo-Chinese and Middle-Late Yanshanian periods. The effects of faulting, folding, and variations of mechanical parameters on the development of fractures could then be identified. A fracture density calculation model was established to determine the quantitative development of fractures in different stages and layers. Favorable areas for shale gas exploration were determined by examining the relationship between fracture density and gas content of three wells. The simulation results indicate the magnitude of minimum principal stress during the Late Hercynian — Early Indo-Chinese period within the Cen'gong block is −100 ∼ −110 MPa with a direction of SE-NW (140°–320°), and the magnitude of the maximum principal stress during the Middle-Late Yanshanian period within the Cen'gong block is 150–170 MPa with a direction of NNW-SSE (345°–165°). During the Late Hercynian — Early Indo-Chinese period, the mechanical parameters and faults play an important role in the development of fractures, and fractures at the downthrown side of the fault are more developed than those at the uplifted side; folding plays an important role in the development of fractures in the Middle-Late Yanshanian period, and faulting is a secondary control. This 3-D heterogeneous geomechanical modelling method and fracture density calculation modelling are not only significant for prediction of shale fractures in complex structural areas, but also have a practical significance for the prediction of other reservoir fractures.     

贝尔直升机航磁仪磁补偿结果分析

贝尔直升机采用固定式安装氦光泵磁力仪的方案。对磁探杆进行改进设计后,使用GB-10型氦光泵磁力仪和16项自动磁补偿器用于航磁测量。给出磁补偿前后氦光泵磁力仪的输出结果对比。分析补偿前后的数据,对磁补偿器改进设计及机动飞行方法提出建议。     

Down-scaled regional ocean modeling system (ROMS) for high-resolution coastal hydrodynamics in Korea

A down-scaled operational oceanographic system is developed for the coastal waters of Korea using a regional ocean modeling system(ROMS).The operational oceanographic modeling system consists of atmospheric and hydrodynamic models.The hydrodynamic model,ROMS,is coupled with wave,sediment transport,and water quality modules.The system forecasts the predicted results twice a day on a 72 h basis,including sea surface elevation,currents,temperature,salinity,storm surge height,and wave information for the coastal waters of Korea.The predicted results are exported to the web-GIS-based coastal information system for real-time dissemination to the public and validation with real-time monitoring data using visualization technologies.The ROMS is two-way coupled with a simulating waves nearshore model,SWAN,for the hydrodynamics and waves,nested with the meteorological model,WRF,for the atmospheric surface forcing,and externally nested with the eutrophication model,CE-QUAL-ICM,for the water quality.The operational model,ROMS,was calibrated with the tidal surface observed with a tide-gage and verified with current data observed by bottom-mounted ADCP or AWAC near the coastal waters of Korea.To validate the predicted results,we used real-time monitoring data derived from remote buoy system,HF-radar,and geostationary ocean color imager(GOCI).This down-scaled operational coastal forecasting system will be used as a part of the Korea operational oceanographic system(KOOS) with other operational oceanographic systems.     

围海造陆工程泄水口悬浮物扩散规律分析

掌握围海造陆工程泄水口悬浮物扩散规律,对保护海洋水环境质量具有重要意义。选取围海造陆工程泄水口为研究对象,基于泥沙对流扩散方程,推求出泄水口悬浮物扩散平面二维分析解表达式。开展现场观测,确定泄水口源强取值,并对泄水口悬浮物扩散进行理论计算和分析。研究结果显示,围海造陆工程施工后期,泄水口悬浮物流失非常严重。泄水口附近水域出现的最大悬浮物浓度主要由源强的大小来决定,悬浮物扩散范围主要由流速的大小来控制。     

骨旁脂肪瘤的影像学特征及诊断价值

目的:分析骨旁脂肪瘤的影像学表现特征,提高对该病的认识及术前影像诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的我院2例骨旁脂肪瘤的临床及影像学表现。结果:2例骨旁脂肪瘤,男女各1例,分别位于右侧股骨上段、左侧胫骨中下段骨旁软组织内。X线表现为骨旁软组织内的透光肿块;CT、MRI表现为骨旁脂肪密度或脂肪信号、有包膜的椭圆形分叶状肿块,边界清楚;邻近骨皮质形成突向肿瘤内部的珊瑚礁状或树枝状骨性突起。结论:骨旁椭圆形脂肪性肿块,伴有骨皮质突向肿块内的珊瑚礁状、树枝状骨性突起为骨旁脂肪瘤的影像学特征,具有重要的诊断价值。     

斑岩Cu-(Mo-Au)矿床的成矿构造环境及勘查意义

斑岩矿床是重要的矿床勘查目标。斑岩矿床的成矿构造环境研究有助于确定斑岩矿床的战略勘查方向。斑岩矿床形成的成矿构造环境包括板块汇聚边缘、大陆转换板块边界、陆内造山环境和非造山环境。本文重点对斑岩矿床在汇聚边缘和大陆转换板块边界的成矿构造环境及其勘查意义进行初步总结。构造变化对斑岩矿床的形成起到触发作用。微弱和中等程度的转换挤压应力最有利于岩浆的集聚、上升和就位。岩浆侵入可以是在广阔的转换挤压断层带内或在其周围局部呈引张的地区集中出现。对于斑岩矿床战略勘查方向而言,应注意研究区域走滑断层与侵入体的关系,加强对地表浅部喷气蚀变的识别。在我国西南地区已勘查发现的5个斑岩成矿带中,应注意沿区域走滑断裂构造方向开展找矿。从成矿构造环境与哀牢山-红河构造带对比来看,鲜水河-小江断裂带可能是西南地区新的斑岩矿床勘查区。     

基于剖分的中尺度海洋温度场三维显示技术

针对网格化和数据量庞大的中尺度海洋标量场数据在其三维可视化中表现出来的构造效率较低和表达连续性效果较差的问题,以剖分重构为核心思想,采用三线性插值算法对数据进行加密处理,基于不同角度平面对温度场进行剖分和色彩映射,最后采用OpenSceneGraph图像渲染引擎的颜色、光照、透明度和回调等渲染技术展现更为真实的、科学的动态三维温度场,提供一种简洁、高效、科学的中尺度海洋温度场表达方法。     

Evaluation of Effective Depth of PVD Improvement in Soft Clay Deposit: A Field Case Study

This article presents a case history of determination of effective depth of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) under embankment loading on a very soft clay deposit in central China, near Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province. The height of the embankment was 5.3 m and construction time was about one year. The PVDs were installed to a depth of 8.5 m at a spacing of 1.5 m in a triangular pattern. Field observations and the finite element method (FEM) were employed to analyze the performance of the soft deposit during embankment construction. The influential depth of the embankment loading was evaluated based on settlement, excess pore pressure, and stress increase in subsoil, both from the observed data and FEM analysis. The effective PVD depth was determined in the following ways: (1) the depth of 5% subsoil settlement of surface settlement; (2) vertical stress increase in subsoil of 25% in-situ stress; and (3) consolidation time/PVD depth relation by FEM. Based on the analysis, the effective depth of PVDs was determined to be between 10 and 12.8 m for this field case.