塔里木盆地塔北东部下奥陶统基质白云岩的稀土元素特征及其成因

白云岩成因机制的核心问题之一是白云石化流体的来源.本文选择塔北东部地区下奥陶统蓬莱坝组白云岩、云质灰岩作为研究对象,在沉积学和岩石学基础上对基质白云岩的稀土元素地球化学特征进行了分析研究.结果表明,白云岩、云质灰岩中Sc、Th、Hf、Zr等元素的含量远远低于这些元素在陆源沉积物中的含量,并且Th、Zr的含量与Y/Ho比值间不具有明显的正相关关系,La的正异常、较高的Y/Ho比值等特征均表明塔北东部下奥陶统蓬莱坝组碳酸盐岩形成的环境为未受陆源物质混染的浅海相沉积.而白云岩负Ce异常、正La异常、轻微富集的Gd正异常以及La正异常与Y异常的正相关性等典型稀土元素特征均反映了白云石化流体具有典型的海水来源特征;而基质白云岩与白云质灰岩之间的ΣREE+Y,ΣLREE和∑HREE含量差异表明,在白云石化过程中稀土元素发生了一定程度的流失,且HREE较之于LREE更易于发生流失,因此白云石化过程中成岩流体对HREE的移出量大于LREE的移出量是塔北东部下奥陶统白云岩具有相对富集的LREE及相对较低的Y/Ho比值的主要原因.结合岩石学、沉积学、微量元素以及稳定同位素特征的综合分析认为,塔北东部地区下奥陶统蓬莱坝组基质白云岩是海水白云石化作用的结果.个别白云岩样品的Eu正异常以及同层位构造裂隙方解石的δ~(18O) 、~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr以及流体包裹体均表明下奥陶统蓬莱坝组受到后期热液流体的影响,但其对研究样品基质白云岩的影响程度比较弱.     

Tectonic fracture and its significance in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation: a case study on middle and lower Ordovician in Tabei Uplift of Tarim Basin,NW China

Middle and lower Ordovician carbonate rock in the Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin forms important fractured reservoir beds. Core and log data indicate that tectonic fractures, as the main fractures in the Tabei Uplift, could be mainly classified into two types: oblique fractures and approximately vertical fractures. The fractures are mainly NNW‐trending and NNE‐trending, coincident with the large faults nearby. Fracture abundance was also controlled by lithology, and faults nearby played a significant role. Cores, thin sections and tests show that these carbonate rocks have as much as 2.5% fracture porosity and as much as 150 md fracture permeability. Based on the intersection of fractures in cores, together with fluid inclusion temperature data, and the timing of faulting from seismic profiles, tectonic fractures were considered to be mainly formed in three periods: the late Silurian when the first‐stage oblique fractures were formed, the late Permian when approximately vertical fractures were formed, and the late Tertiary when the second‐stage oblique fractures were formed. Lower Cambrian source rocks started to enter the stage of generous hydrocarbon generation and expulsion in the Silurian. Ordovician source rocks started to enter the stage of generous hydrocarbon generation and expulsion in the Permian and enter the over‐mature stage in the late Tertiary when light oil was generated. Timing of tectonic fractures formation and burial history analysis suggest that fractures formation might coincide with oil accumulation when fractures provided the pathway and storage space for the low permeability and low porosity reservoir beds caused by previous compaction and cementation. Considering the presence of a large amount of fracture‐developed dolomite in the deeper Ordovician Penglaiba Formation, the undrilled Penglaiba Formation should be paid more attention. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆西准噶尔塔北地区晚古生代中酸性侵入岩的成因分析

塔尔巴哈台-萨吾尔地区位于西准噶尔北部,中酸性岩浆侵入作用十分强烈。本文对塔尔巴哈台-萨吾尔地区西段的塔北地区出露的克孜贝提、哲北、巴斯、卡姆斯台、阿西和科鲁克6个代表性中酸性岩体的地质、成岩年代和地球化学特征进行研究。结果表明,塔北地区中酸性岩浆作用可分为早石炭世早期(343~338Ma)、早石炭世晚期(328~324Ma)和晚石炭世(315Ma)三个阶段:早石炭世早期中酸性岩体包括克孜贝提、哲北岩体;岩性主要为闪长岩,具有碱性、过铝质岩石的特点;早石炭世晚期中酸性岩体包括巴斯、卡姆斯台和阿西岩体,岩性主要为花岗闪长岩,具有钙碱性-碱性和准铝质-过铝质岩石的特点;晚古生代中酸性侵入岩体为科鲁克岩体,岩性为钾长花岗岩,具有碱性和过铝质岩石的特点。从早石炭世至晚石炭世,塔北地区中酸性岩具有向富K、Si和贫Ca演化的趋势,研究源区以壳源为主、有幔源物质混入的特征;岩浆演化具有分离结晶增强、围岩混染减弱的特点。塔北地区早石炭世早期中酸性岩体形成于俯冲岛弧环境,早石炭世晚期-晚石炭世岩浆侵位于后碰撞环境。     

塔里木盆地塔北隆起西部火山岩40Ar-39Ar年代学和地球化学特征

本文对塔里木盆地塔北隆起西部钻井的火山岩岩心样品进行了40Ar-39 Ar定年,五件样品的年龄值在248.75±6.5Ma至267.44±3.01Ma之间,样品的岩石地球化学分析表明火山岩为具有大陆裂谷性质的板内火山岩.结合前人研究成果,本文认为塔里木盆地火山活动不仅发生在早二叠世,塔北隆起西部地区在中-晚二叠世仍有强烈的火山活动,该火山活动是塔里木盆地早二叠世大火成岩省后期热事件的产物.     

塔北隆起二叠纪岩浆岩产状的地震解释及其侵位模式

塔北隆起西部发育大面积岩浆岩,岩浆岩发育产状的研究不仅对岩浆岩油气藏勘探具有重要意义,而且对塔北隆起碳酸盐岩油气藏研究具有重要意义。本文利用钻井和地震资料,提出塔北隆起二叠纪岩浆岩岩性主要为玄武岩、流纹岩、辉绿岩、正长岩、花岗岩和凝灰岩。岩浆岩发育模式与构造作用密切相关,在英买力低凸起北部地区,主要发育一条逆冲断层,地层受构造作用扰动较少,岩浆岩主要为玄武岩,通过近于垂直的通道到达地表; 英买2地区,构造挤压作用在盐上形成大量的构造裂缝,岩浆岩侵入其中,形成辉绿岩侵入体; 哈拉哈塘地区构造变形微弱,岩浆岩通过垂直的火山通道到达地表,在地表形成了一层平行分布的喷发岩; 而在塔北隆起的中部,由于受拉张作用的影响,地壳发育一定的减压熔融,形成中酸性岩浆,岩浆侵位产生了大量的中酸性侵入体和喷出岩。     

Quick Evaluation of Present-Day Low-Total Organic Carbon Carbonate Source Rocks from Rock-Eval Data: Middle–Upper Ordovician in the Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin

Previous studies have postulated the contribution of present-day low-total organic carbon(TOC) marine carbonate source rocks to oil accumulations in the Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, China. However, not all present-day low-TOC carbonates have generated and expelled hydrocarbons; therefore, to distinguish the source rocks that have already expelled sufficient hydrocarbons from those not expelled hydrocarbons, is crucial in source rock evaluation and resource assessment in the Tabei Uplift. Mass balance can be used to identify modern low-TOC carbonates resulting from hydrocarbon expulsion. However, the process is quite complicated, requiring many parameters and coefficients and thus also a massive data source. In this paper, we provide a quick and cost effective method for identifying carbonate source rock with present-day low TOC, using widely available Rock-Eval data. First, we identify present-day low-TOC carbonate source rocks in typical wells according to the mass balance approach. Second, we build an optimal model to evaluate source rocks from the analysis of the rocks' characteristics and their influencing factors, reported as positive or negative values of a dimensionless index of Rock-Eval data(IR). Positive IR corresponds to those samples which have expelled hydrocarbons. The optimal model optimizes complicated calculations and simulation processes; thus it could be widely applicable and competitive in the evaluation of present-day low TOC carbonates. By applying the model to the Rock-Eval dataset of the Tabei Uplift, we identify present-day low-TOC carbonate source rocks and primarily evaluate the contribution equivalent of 11.87×10~9 t oil.     

塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩中可溶有机组分的碳同位素逆转现象

沉积有机质可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成具有母质继承效应,同时受热力和生物降解作用等因素的影响。利用M AT 252同位素质谱仪分析了塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩中可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成,发现它们的1δ3C值普遍发生了逆转。饱和烃组分明显富集13C,其1δ3C值的分布区间为-29.7‰~-26.2‰,平均值为-28.5‰,而沥青质组分明显富集12C,其1δ3C值的分布区间为-37.8‰~-27.1‰,平均值为-31.9‰,并且大部分样品的可溶有机组分的1δ3C值出现饱和烃>芳烃>非烃>沥青质的完全反序分布特征。综合分析认为该区寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩中可溶有机组分碳同位素的逆转分布特征主要与热力作用及漫长的热演化史有关,而这种可溶有机组分碳同位素组成完全反序分布模式可以作为沉积有机质在高演化阶段的一个重要的地球化学标志。     

塔里木盆地北部深层风化壳储层的形成与分布

塔北地区碳酸盐岩风化壳岩溶储层发育,储层具有质量好、分布面积广、埋藏深等特点,并已在轮南、塔河和英买力等地区发现数个亿吨级规模以上的大型油气田.本文通过对塔北地区200多口重要井的钻井、录井、测井、试油等第一手资料的系统分析,结合大量的分析化验资料与岩心及镜下观察,精细研究了风化壳储层的成因特点、分布规律与评价预测等.研究认为,寒武系发育白云岩型风化壳储层,以孔洞型储层为主;奥陶系主要为灰岩型风化壳储层,储层的基质孔隙度较低,溶蚀孔洞、溶蚀扩大缝和构造缝是其主要的储集空间,储层以洞穴型储层和网状裂缝型储层为主.台地相发育的纯净碳酸盐岩、海西期构造运动导致地层的长期暴露剥蚀、断裂裂隙作用和晚期大气淡水淋溶等是控制塔北风化壳储层形成的的重要因素;并发现塔北地区风化侵蚀能够作用到的深度主要在140m以内.虽然风化壳储层基质孔隙较差,但是储层物性受埋深影响不大;在有利的古岩溶地貌和断裂发育区,即使在更大的埋藏深度,也可能发育规模较大、性能较好的储集体.     

塔北隆起深层海相油藏中原油及族组分碳同位素组成的纵向分布特征及其地质意义

利用MAT252同位素质谱仪分析了塔里木盆地塔北隆起深层海相油藏中原油及族组分的碳同位素组成。研究表明该区深层海相油藏中原油的全油碳同位素组成主要受生源控制,受热力作用影响较小;而在继承生源的碳同位素组成的基础上,热力作用将对原油族组分的碳同位素组成及其逆转和分馏产生重要影响。总的趋势是随着油藏埋藏深度的增大和热力作用的加强,饱和烃组分的碳同位素组成逐渐变重,而沥青质组分的碳同位素组成不断变轻,族组分碳同位素逆转程度和分馏程度有所加强,并出现饱和烃﹥芳烃﹥非烃﹥沥青质的整体逆转现象。塔北隆起深层海相原油族组分的碳同位素组成的纵向变化特征,可以反映出热力作用对原油稳定性的影响。     

塔北古隆起的三维地质结构及相关问题探讨

盆地深层构造地质学的研究可以揭示沉积盆地早期的物质记录,揭示盆地深层地质结构、构造样式及其变化特点,还原构造-古地理环境等。塔北古隆起是塔里木盆地油气最富集的构造单元之一,是研究板块内部变形的理想场所。对塔北古隆起地质结构的精细解析有利于加深对古隆起控油气理论的理解,对深层海相油气勘探具有指导意义。文中基于整个塔北地区的地震资料以及大量钻井资料,建立其三维地质结构,通过Petrel软件实现三维可视化。塔北古隆起存在12个不整合面,可划分为五大构造层:基底(AnZ)、震旦系—下古生界(Z-S)、上古生界(D3d-P)、中生界(T-K1)、新生界(E-Q)构造层。塔北古隆起的地质结构受其深层主干断裂系统控制,依据深层主干断裂发育模式的差异,可将古隆起分为4段:(Ⅰ)温宿凸起段;(Ⅱ)英买力低凸起段;(Ⅲ)哈拉哈塘凹陷与轮南低凸起段;(Ⅳ)草湖凹陷与库尔勒鼻状凸起段。哈拉哈塘凹陷-库尔勒鼻状凸起(甚至包括孔雀河斜坡)的古生界构造层保留了NE-SW向的古生代构造形迹,与近E-W向深层主干断裂系统斜交,可能指示塔北古隆起在晚古生代处于右旋压扭性或NW-SE向主应力环境,直到侏罗纪—早白垩世才发生改变。