某坝基玄武岩风化程度研究

对比三部国家规范关于岩体风化指标、风化程度的规定,归纳总结了水电工程中岩体风化程度评价的工程经验,在此基础上结合某水电工程坝区玄武岩的具体特点,提出了岩体风化程度评价指标和评价方法,基本实现了坝区玄武岩风化程度的定量评价,为坝基岩体质量的合理评价奠定了良好基础。     

玄武岩—水相互作用的溶解机理研究

在常温常压排除大气干扰的封闭体系条件下,将一定粒度的玄武岩样品浸泡在不同酸度的水溶液里,研究玄武岩－水相互作用过程中元素释放和溶液酸度的变化情况。结果发现：（１）经过一段时间后,溶液中主要元素的浓度趋向平衡;（２）溶液酸度发生明显变化,即不论反应初始溶液是碱性的还是酸性的,最终都将趋于中性,我们把此现象称为溶液的中性化效应。根据溶液中溶解组分的浓度和样品表面组成的ＸＰＳ测定结果,提出玄武岩在碱性和酸性溶液中不同的溶解机理。     

激光质谱测定南极乔治王岛北海岸A635玄武岩微区~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar的等时年龄

采用连续激光直接对岩石光片样品微区熔样,以高灵敏度、高精确度的质谱计测试,对南极乔治王岛玄武岩样品进行（４０）Ａｒ－（３９）Ａｒ法定年,取得了成功。样品置反应堆中心Ｅ－５孔道,以１．８×１０（１８）ｎ／ｃｍ２的快中子总通量照射,时间为５０ｈ,放射性冷却后进行测定。样品的加热源为自行设计的Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ固体激光器,以Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ准激光器导光。测定中对４个２５０μｍ直径的微区分别在１５００℃高温熔融,经Ｚｒ－Ａｌ泵纯化的气体用ＭＭ１２００质谱计测量氩同位素各峰值。经计算得到该样品的等时年龄为５２．４±１．１Ｍａ,远远低于江个点的视年龄值,而（（４０）Ａｒ／（３６）Ａｒ）＞＞２９５．５。这不仅证明该样品含有过剩氩,同时也证明了由Ｋ－Ａｒ稀释法得到的偏高年龄值亦是样品中存在过剩氩造成的。激光微区等时年龄的获得进一步厘定了南极乔治王岛北海岸火山岩时代为第三纪,同时证明了我们建立的激光质谱微区、微粒熔样和测定技术是可行的和成功的。     

辽西阜新中生代玄武岩中深源捕虏体的岩石学和矿物化学研究

辽西阜新中生代碱性玄武岩的Ｋ－Ａｒ同位素年龄为８４．７６±１．６７Ｍａ, 其中含有丰富的深源岩石捕虏体, 包括角闪尖晶二辉橄榄岩、尖晶石二辉橄榄岩、含长角闪二辉石岩、二辉麻粒岩和辉石斜长片麻岩等。与新生代玄武岩中的同类捕虏体相比, 橄榄岩类捕虏体中橄榄石的成分相似 （Ｆｏ＝ ８６～９１）, 透辉石具有富Ａｌ、贫Ｃｒ 和Ｃａ 的特点, 尖晶石的成分以ＭｇＡｌ２ Ｏ４ 为主, 有的橄榄岩捕虏体中含少量韭闪石。二辉麻粒岩捕虏体中的斜方辉石为紫苏辉石, 单斜辉石为普通辉石, 斜长石属于更长石。橄榄岩类捕虏体的平衡温度为１０１２．６℃～１２７２．１℃; 压力为１．８２５～２．９３５ＧＰａ, 二辉麻粒岩和片麻岩的平衡温度为８９２℃～１１５７℃。该类深源岩石捕虏体的发现对中国东部中生代上地幔和下地壳的研究均具有重要意义。     

如何正确使用玄武岩判别图

为了正确使用玄武岩判别图,在投图之前要对样品加以筛选并对数据作出估计。还要将样品适当分组,投图时应遵循一定的程序。文中讨论了可能出现的几种判别结果及可能的解释方案,指出了判别图的局限性,认为玄武岩判别图所标定的各种构造环境的分区,实际上代表的是各种不同的岩浆类型。作者认为,投在洋中脊玄武岩区域的玄武岩绝大多数并非来自大洋中脊环境。     

中国东北地区新生代火山幕

中国东北地区分布着约690个火山锥和火山口,50000km~2的玄武岩和粗面岩。自白垩纪晚期到现代可分为10个火山幕,即大屯幕(86—61Ma)、双辽幕(49—39Ma)、下辽河幕(37—27Ma)、甑峰山幕(23—19Ma)、奶头山幕(16—13Ma)、老爷岭幕(11—7Ma)、军舰山幕(4.5—2.0Ma)、龙岗幕(1.5—0.8Ma),白头山幕(0.58—0.06Ma)和五大连池幕(近10000年以来)。火山活动的高潮在中新世和第四纪。早期火山活动发生在松辽地堑内部,随着时间的推移,火山活动逐渐向两侧呈递叠式发展,在大陆边缘一例表现尤为明显。     

Slab dehydration and basalt petrogenesis in subduction systems involving very young oceanic lithosphere

Compositions of post-Miocene basalts erupted in the Garibaldi and Central America volcanic arcs exhibit significant correlations with the age of the subducted plate. In general, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, V, and (Sr/P)_N decrease and FeO, MgO, TiO₂ and Na₂O increase as the age of the subducted plate decreases. Variations in CaO/Al₂O₃, SiO₂, (Sr/P)_N, and Ba are compatible with lesser slab input, and hence less hydrous melting conditions in the mantle wedge in segments of the arcs overlying the youngest oceanic lithosphere. This interpretation is supported by comparison with peridotite melting experiments, which suggest higher melt pressures and temperatures in the mantle wedge above very young oceanic lithosphere. These observations point to a model in which dehydration of the downgoing slab occurs at shallow depths in subduction systems involving oceanic lithosphere younger than about 20 Ma. Because young oceanic lithosphere is relatively warm, little post-subduction heating is required to produce metamorphic reactions that release slab volatiles. Geodynamic models indicate most volatile-liberating reactions will occur within the seismogenic zone in oceanic lithosphere younger than 20 Ma, thus limiting the volatile flux beneath the arc and encouraging drier, higher temperature and higher pressure melting conditions in the mantle wedge in comparison to typical arc systems. Liberation of volatiles in the downgoing plate is strongly dependant on the shear stress on the fault, but is predicted to occur within the seismogenic zone for shear stresses greater than 33 MPa. Similarly, early loss of volatiles is predicted over a wide range of convergence rates, plate dips, and convergence angles. These results are shown to be robust for realistic ranges of slab dip, convergence angle, and shear stress, suggesting that volatile-poor melt generation is a characteristic of modern and ancient arc systems that involve subduction of young oceanic lithosphere.     

Applicability of large-ion lithophile and high field strength element basalt discrimination diagrams

Basalt discriminant diagrams have been used to identify the tectonic setting of basaltic magmatism since the 1970s and have played an important role in reconstructing paleotectonic environments. However, the significant increase in the availability of geochemical data has led to a reassessment of these diagrams, suggesting that some of the tectonic settings indicated by these diagrams are not accurate. Here, we use a database of global ocean island basalt (OIB), mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), and island arc basalt (IAB) geochemistry to propose a series of new tectonic discriminant diagrams based on the ratios of large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) to high field strength elements (HFSEs). These new diagrams indicate that the LILE can be used to differentiate OIB, MORB, and IAB samples, meaning that LILE/HFSE ratios can discriminate between these basalts that form in different tectonic settings. Our new diagrams can correctly assign samples to OIB, MORB, and IAB categories more than 85% of the time, with the discrimination between OIB and MORB having an accuracy of slightly less than 85%.     

Automated identification of basalt spectra in Clementine lunar data

The identification of fresh basalt spectra plays an important role in lunar stratigraphic studies; however, the process can be time consuming and labor intensive. Thus motivated, we developed an empirically derived algorithm for the automated identification of fresh basalt spectra from Clememtine UVVIS data. This algorithm has the following four parameters and limits: BC Ratio=3(R950−R900)/(R900−R750)<1.1, CD Delta=(R1000−R950)/R750−1.09(R950−R900)/R750>0.003 and <0.06, B Slope=(R900−R750)/(3R750)<−0.012, and Band Depth=(R750−R950)/(R750−R415)>0.1, where R750 represents the unnormalized reflectance of the 750 nm Clementine band, and so on. Algorithm results were found to be accurate to within an error of 4.5% with respect to visual classification, though olivine spectra may be under-represented. Overall, fresh basalts identified by the algorithm are consistent with expectations and previous work in the Mare Humorum area, though accuracy in other areas has not yet been tested. Great potential exists in using this algorithm for identifying craters that have excavated basalts, estimating the thickness of mare and cryptomare deposits, and other applications.     

Geodynamic significance of the Cretaceous pillow basalts from North Anatolian Ophiolitic Mélange Belt (Central Anatolia,Turkey): geochemical and paleontological constraints

The most widespread blocks within the Cretaceous ophiolitic mélange (North Anatolian ophiolitic mélange) in Central Anatolia (Turkey) are pillow basalts, radiolarites, other ophiolitic fragments and Jurassic-Cretaceous carbonate blocks. The pillow basalts crop out as discrete blocks in close relation to radiolarites and ophiolitic units in Cretaceous ophiolitic mélange.

The geochemical results suggest that analyzed pillow basalts are within-plate ocean island alkali basalts. The enrichment of incompatible elements (Nb, Ta, Light REE, Th, U, Cs, Rb, Ba, K) demonstrates the ocean island environment (both tholeiites and alkali basalts) and enriched MORB. Dated calcareous intrafills and biodetrital carbonates reveal an age span of Callovian—Early Aptian. The thin-shelled protoglobigerinids, belonging to the genus Globuligerina, in the calcareous intrafills between pillow basalt lobes indicates a Callovian—Barremian age interval, most probably, Valanginian to Late Barremian. The volcanic and radiolarite detritus-bearing orbitolinid—Baccinella biodetrital carbonates dated as Late Barremian-Early Aptian in age, were probably deposited around atolls and have a close relationship with the ocean island pillow basalts.

The results collectively support the presence of a seamount on the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust during the Valanginian—Late Barremian and atolls during the Late Barremian-Early Aptian interval. The presence of an oceanic crust older than that seamount along the Northern Branch of Neo-Tethys is conformable with the geodynamic evolution of the Tethys.