Bimodal volcanism at the Katla subglacial caldera,Iceland: insight into the geochemistry and petrogenesis of rhyolitic magmas

The Katla subglacial caldera is one of the most active and hazardous volcanic centres in Iceland as revealed by its historical volcanic activity and recent seismic unrest and magma accumulation. A petrologic and geochemical study was carried out on a suite of mid-Pleistocene to Recent lavas and pyroclastic rocks originated from the caldera. The whole series is characterised by a bimodal composition, including Fe-Ti transitional alkali basalts and mildly alkalic rhyolites. Variations in trace-element composition amongst the basalts and rhyolites show that their chemical differentiation was mainly controlled by fractional crystallisation and possible assimilation. The petrology and chemistry of the few intermediate extrusive rocks show that they were derived from magma mingling or hybridisation. The absence of extrusive rocks of true intermediate magmatic composition and the occurrence of amphibole-bearing felsic xenoliths support the hypothesis of partial melting of the hydrated basalt crust as the main process leading to the generation of rhyolites. The ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of Katla volcanic rocks fit the general isotopic array defined by late Quaternary to Recent lavas from Iceland. A few rock specimens are distinguished by low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values suggesting assimilation and mixing of much older crustal material. Despite their similar whole-rock chemical compositions, the postglacial rhyolitic extrusives differ from the felsic xenoliths by their glass composition and the absence of amphibole. This, together with the general chemical trend of volcanic glasses, indicates that the postglacial rhyolitic extrusives were probably derived by a process involving late reheating and partial melting of crustal material by intrusion of basaltic magmas.     

论地质研究中的因果关系和相关关系——大数据研究的启示

我们对大数据两年多来的研究表明,大数据是一个非常有效的方法。一直以来,人们都是通过因果关系来认识世界的;而大数据不是,大数据是从数据出发,挖掘数据之间的相关关系,从而提升数据的价值。例如在矿床学研究中,人们往往过分关注矿床的成因,关注成矿与岩浆、流体与岩体之间的因果关系。实际上,流体与岩体、矿床与岩浆之间主要不是因果关系而是相关关系。早先的玄武岩构造环境判别图几乎都是按照因果关系的思路设计的,虽然取得了一定的效果但并不完美。我们采用大数据方法对全球全体玄武岩和安山岩的数据进行挖掘,取得了极佳的效果,主要依据的是元素之间的相关关系而非因果关系。多少年来,人们在科学研究的实践活动中习惯于对因果关系的追求。现在,科学的发展要求我们更加重视数据之间的相关关系,从对因果关系的追求转变为对相关关系的追求。实践表明,追求因果关系不可避免人为因素的干扰,而大数据方法挖掘数据之间的相关关系,在很大程度上避免了人为因素的干扰,因此,大数据的结果是真实可靠的。     

塔里木溢流玄武岩省的巨型长英质热火山碎屑流爆发记录

在塔里木盆地西北缘的柯坪地区二叠系库普库兹满组和开派兹雷克组玄武岩之间发现厚层长英质火山碎屑岩层序。该层序包括可见含交错层理的空落火山灰层、三层含增生火山砾的火山灰、熔结凝灰岩和再沉积熔结凝灰岩。层序下部为与其准同时喷发的玄武质火山碎屑岩和玄武质熔岩流。利用锆石U-Pb法确定熔结凝灰岩层的喷发年龄为290.9±1.3Ma(MSWD=1.12),该年龄限定了库普库兹满组玄武岩喷发的截止时间。长英质火山碎屑岩层序中的增生火山砾由粒度250μm的长英质玻屑组成,且长宽比均1.5。根据形貌、结构和岩相学特征,将增生火山砾分为三类,分别对应热火山碎屑流从起始(TypeⅡ,coated ash pellet)到极盛(TypeⅠ,accretionary lapillus)再逐渐衰弱(TypeⅢ,ash pellet)的过程。由于喷发规模巨大,该火山层序很可能广泛分布于盆地内,可能是确定全盆地溢流玄武岩喷发时限的一个关键标志层。     

西藏林周盆地设兴组玄武岩地球化学特征及意义

青藏高原南部拉萨地块分布的晚白垩世岩浆活动,对了解特提斯洋的构造演化及约束印度-亚洲大陆初始碰撞时限等具有重要的意义。本文在西藏林周盆地林子宗火山岩的下伏晚白垩世设兴组地层中首次发现了玄武岩夹层,并系统开展了玄武岩的Ar-Ar年代学、全岩主量和微量元素地球化学、以及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究。设兴组玄武岩呈夹层状产出于设兴组顶部的红色砂岩中,其斜长石Ar-Ar年龄为90.6±1.8Ma。玄武岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,富集轻稀土元素、强烈富集Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素(LILEs),亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSEs),具有明显的大陆边缘弧的火山岩成分特征。玄武岩的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素成分比较均匀,(87Sr/86Sr)t为0.706568~0.706620,εNd(t)为+0.72~+4.75,(206Pb/204Pb)t比值为18.649~18.675,(207Pb/204Pb)t比值为15.640~15.666,(208Pb/204Pb)t比值为39.055~39.108,岩石总体表现出来自于亏损地幔的特征。综合岩石学和地球化学研究结果,设兴组玄武岩可能是晚白垩世(约90.6Ma)俯冲于拉萨地块之下的新特提斯洋壳在重力拖拉下发生板片回转,导致软流圈物质上升提供热量,从而诱发了俯冲流体交代的地幔楔的部分熔融形成的。本文结果进一步证明,之前普遍认为缺少晚白垩世火山岩的拉萨地块南缘,存在新特提斯洋的俯冲作用及其岩浆作用产物。     

大数据正在引发地球科学领域一场深刻的革命——《地质科学》2017年大数据专题代序

本文针对目前国内大数据研究的现状,着重分析了在地球科学领域大数据研究落后的原因,指出大数据正在引发地球科学领域一场深刻的革命,大数据的关键不在于数据的大,而且在于思维的新;从数据出发,让数据说话,依靠人工智能方法,让机器学习、深度学习、可视分析等大数据技术逐步成为必需。利用大数据方法研究玄武岩构造环境判别图以及中新世岩浆事件的意义所取得的成果即是极佳的研究范例。文中指出,面向未来,大数据对于地球科学界来说,决不是可有可无的,它将创造奇迹。大数据作为第四科学范式的研究领域十分宽广,它将改变地球科学家的思维方式,从逻辑思维方式转变为由数据驱动的关联思维方式,文中呼吁科学界对大数据给予更多的关注和支持。     

The age of kalagang formation in the santanghu basin,northeast Xinjiang: Evidence from zircons U-Pb dating of volcanic rocks北大核心

Kalagang Formation is developed widely in the Santanghu basin, northeast Xinjiang. The eruption age of volcanic rocks in this Formation was considered as either Permian or Carboniferous. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating was made on the basaltic zircons for three samples, which were collected from drill hole (Ma 17) at different depths. Zircons in the basalt at 1543.1 m yield weighed mean age of 343. 5±2. 4 Ma (n = 11, MSWD = 0. 74). Those at 1954. 3 m show two groups of weighted mean ages, 331. 3±5. 0Ma (n = 6, MSWD = 1.4) and 306. 6±5. 3 Ma (n = 9, MSWD= 4. 5), respectively. Zircons in the sample at 2327. 0 m give weighted mean age of 325. 2±3. 0 Ma (n = 19, MSWD = 2. 2). This study considers the minimum age, 306. 6 Ma, as the eruption age of the volcanic rocks in the Kalagang Formation, suggesting that this volcanic suite was formed in Carboniferous instead of formerly widely-accepted Permian. Zircons at the higher depth of the drill hole are old (early Carboniferous) , Zircons at the lower depth are younger (Late Carboniferous). This may indicate that volcanic rocks in Malang depression developed within different ages, showing a characteristic of multi-stage eruption, old zircons at the higher depth of Kalagang Formation may represent the early magma crystallization. Therefore, Kalagang Formation should be formed at the Late Carboniferous.     

The 2005 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano,Galápagos,Ecuador

Sierra Negra volcano began erupting on 22 October 2005, after a repose of 26 years. A plume of ash and steam more than 13 km high accompanied the initial phase of the eruption and was quickly followed by a ~2-km-long curtain of lava fountains. The eruptive fissure opened inside the north rim of the caldera, on the opposite side of the caldera from an active fault system that experienced an m_b 4.6 earthquake and ~84 cm of uplift on 16 April 2005. The main products of the eruption were an `a`a flow that ponded in the caldera and clastigenic lavas that flowed down the north flank. The `a`a flow grew in an unusual way. Once it had established most of its aerial extent, the interior of the flow was fed via a perched lava pond, causing inflation of the `a`a. This pressurized fluid interior then fed pahoehoe breakouts along the margins of the flow, many of which were subsequently overridden by `a`a, as the crust slowly spread from the center of the pond and tumbled over the pahoehoe. The curtain of lava fountains coalesced with time, and by day 4, only one vent was erupting. The effusion rate slowed from day 7 until the eruption’s end two days later on 30 October. Although the caldera floor had inflated by ~5 m since 1992, and the rate of inflation had accelerated since 2003, there was no transient deformation in the hours or days before the eruption. During the 8 days of the eruption, GPS and InSAR data show that the caldera floor deflated ~5 m, and the volcano contracted horizontally ~6 m. The total eruptive volume is estimated as being ~150×10⁶ m³. The opening-phase tephra is more evolved than the eruptive products that followed. The compositional variation of tephra and lava sampled over the course of the eruption is attributed to eruption from a zoned sill that lies 2.1 km beneath the caldera floor.     

Morphological and textural diversity of the Steens Basalt lava flows,Southeastern Oregon,USA: implications for emplacement style and nature of eruptive episodes

This study focuses on Middle Miocene tholeiitic flood basalt lava flows from the Oregon Plateau, northwestern USA (Steens Basalt), and is the first to comprehensively document and evaluate their morphology. Field observations of flows from several sections within and proximal to the main exposures at Steens Mountain have been supplemented with textural and geochemical data, and are used to offer preliminary insights into their emplacement. Compound pahoehoe flows of variable thickness appear to be common throughout the study area, laterally and vertically. These tend to be plagioclase phyric and the morphology and disposition of constituent flow lobes are quite similar to those from other provinces such as Hawaii and the Snake River Plain. Classic a’a flows with brecciated upper and basal crusts are not abundant, but by no means uncommon. Flows with characters different from typical pahoehoe and a’a are also common. Such flows display a range in morphology; flows with preserved upper crusts but brecciated basal crusts, as well as those displaying well-developed flow-top breccias and preserved basal crusts (rubbly pahoehoe) are observed. The Steens Basalt appears to display greater morphological and textural diversity at the outcrop scale than that described for some other flood basalt provinces. The abundant compound pahoehoe flows (often rich in plagioclase phenocrysts) were likely emplaced during slow but sustained eruptive episodes; their constituent lobes show clear evidence for endogenous growth. The relatively aphyric flows with brecciated surfaces (including a’a) hint at higher strain rates and/or higher viscosity, probably caused by higher effusion rates. A couple of sections are characterized by compositionally similar, but morphologically different flows that were possibly part of the same eruption. While differences in pre-eruptive topography could explain this, it is also possible that certain physical parameters changed substantially and abruptly during eruption and that such changes were accompanied by differentiation processes within the plumbing system. It is possible that such observations indicate temporal fluctuations within complex magmatic and eruptive systems, and deserve closer scrutiny.     

贵州西部玄武岩地球化学特征及有关成矿作用分析

贵州玄武岩属稳定地块裂陷阶段—二叠纪非造山期产物,以海相喷溢和陆相喷溢为主,通过取样分析,得出贵州玄武岩的地球化学特征,化学成分以SiO2为主,化学成分因取样区域不同含量也不相同,大部分样品进行拉丝实验成功.稀土元素分析数据表明取样玄武岩属轻稀土富集型,微量元素实验显示相容元素Cr、Co、Ni和不相容元素V、Mn、Ti...     

Background concentrations of heavy metals in aquatic bryophytes used for biomonitoring in basaltic areas (a case study from central France)

 Studies were made of the aquatic bryophytes Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw., Platyhypnidium rusciforme (Neck.)Fleisch and Chiloscyphus sp. (Hoffm.)Dum. from streams embedded in basaltic rocks (Le Puy, central France). Water from these streams possessed elevated levels of Cu, Zn, Sr, V, Ba, Ni and Co, reflecting the geochemistry of the basalts, a basic type of igneous rocks containing elevated levels of these elements. The concentration of elements in bryophytes is correlated to the chemical composition of water of their sampling sites. Contents of trace elements in plants were higher than background values. The elevated levels of these elements possibly caused disturbances in the ionic equilibrium within the bryophytes. The molar ratio between contents of Ca and Mg in water (from 0.44 to 1) was different from that typical for natural water. Received: 16 September 1998 · Accepted: 17 December 1998