Mineralogical and geochemical evolution of the Bidgol bauxite deposit,Zagros Mountain Belt,Iran: Implications for ore genesis,rare earth elements fractionation and parental affinity

The present study focuses on the Late Cretaceous Bidgol bauxite deposit in the Zagros Simply Fold Belt, SW Iran. The orebody is located in the eroded major NW–SE trending Koh-e-Hosseyn anticline and hosted as discontinuous stratified layers and lenses within the upper member of the Cenomanian–Turonian Sarvak Formation. Detailed mineralogical analysis reveals that diaspore, hematite, goethite, anatase, clinochlore, chamosite, and calcite are the major mineral components accompanied by minor amounts of detrital and REE-bearing minerals such as rutile, zircon and parisite. The ore texture suggest that the bauxite material has an authigenic origin but in some parts it has been transported short distances from a primary in situ environment and redeposited in karstic depressions. The spheroidal pisolites of the Bidgol bauxite formed under conditions of low water activity, favouring the formation of large diaspore cores and a single dry-to-wet climatic fluctuation. The mass change calculations relative to the immobile element Ti show that elements such as Si, Fe, Mg, K, Na and Sr are leached out of the weathered system; Al, Ni, Zr, Ga, Cr and Ba are concentrated in the residual system; and Hf, Ta, Co, Rb, Cs, Be, and U are relatively immobile during the bauxitisation processes. The Nb, Th, Y, V, Sc, Sn and ΣREE are relatively immobile in the initial stage of bauxitisation processes in the bauxite ores, but were slightly mobile at the later stage of bauxitisation. Geochemical data reveal progressive enrichment of the REE and intense LREE/HREE fractionation toward the lower parts of the bauxite profile. Cerium behaves differently from the other REEs (especially LREE) and show positive anomalies in the upper horizons that gradually become negative in the deeper parts of the profile. The distribution and fractionation of trace elements and REEs during the bauxitisation process in the Bidgol deposit are mainly controlled by the presence of REE-bearing minerals, fluctuations in soil solution pH, REE ionization potential and the presence of bicarbonates or organic matter. Geochemical analyses confirm a protolith contribution from the bedrock argillaceous limestone and suggest that the source material for the Bidgol bauxite was provided from a siliciclastic material derived from a continental margin. The mid-Turonian uplift led to the formation of karstic topography, rubbly breccia and a layer of ferruginous–argillaceous debris that was affected by lateritic weathering under humid tropical climate. Subsequently, mobile elements are removed from the profiles, while Al, Fe and Ti are enriched, resulting in the formation of the pristine bauxite materials. When the platform subsided into the water again, the pristine bauxitic materials were partly converted to bauxite. During the exposure of bauxite orebodies on the limbs and crests of anticlines and subsequent eroding and accumulation in the karstic depressions during folding and faulting in Oligocene–Miocene, important factors such as intensity of the weathering, drainage and floating flow may have improved the qualities of the bauxite ores.     

Geological,geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of REE-bearing Las Mercedes bauxite deposit,Dominican Republic

Bauxite deposits, traditionally the main source of aluminum, have been recently targeted for their remarkable contents in rare earth elements (REE). With ∑REE (lanthanoids + Sc + Y) concentrations systematically higher than ∼1400 ppm (av. = 1530 ppm), the Las Mercedes karstic bauxites in the Dominican Republic rank as one of the REE-richest deposits of its style.The bauxitic ore in the Las Mercedes deposit is mostly unlithified and has a homogeneous-massive lithostructure, with only local cross-stratification and graded bedding. The dominant arenaceous and round-grained texture is composed of bauxite particles and subordinate ooids, pisoids and carbonate clasts. Mineralogically, the bauxite ore is composed mostly of gibbsite and lesser amounts of kaolinite, hematite, boehmite, anatase, goethite, chromian spinel and zircon. Identified REE-minerals include cerianite and monazite-Ce, whose composition accounts for the steady enrichment in light- relative to medium- and heavy-REE of the studied bauxites.Considering the paleo-geomorphology of the study area, we propose that bauxites in the Las Mercedes deposit are the product of the erosion and deposition of lithified bauxites located at higher elevations in the Bahoruco ranges. Based on the available data, we suggest a mixed lithological source for the bauxite deposits at the district scale: bedrock carbonates and an igneous source of likely mafic composition.     

云南丘北飞尺角矿区铝土矿(岩)地球化学及成因

丘北飞尺角铝土矿床是云南近年新发现的具大型规模的铝土矿床。针对矿区沉积型铝土矿(岩)石、下伏灰岩和玄武岩进行了主、微量和稀土元素研究结果表明:铝土矿(岩)主量元素主要由Al_2O_3、SiO_2、TFeO和TiO_2组成,具高铁、中硅、低铝特点。铝土矿(岩)Al/Si(0.69~5.19)、Al/Ti(5.01~29.47)比值与下伏灰岩(Al/Si=0.65~1.33,Al/Ti=3.53~14.32)接近,Harker图显示玄武岩与铝土矿(岩)线性关系更为显著,表明铝土矿(岩)物源具多源性特点,灰岩和玄武岩均有贡献。铝土矿(岩)微量元素富集高场强元素(Th、Nb、Zr、Hf和Ti)与下伏玄武岩相似。在Zr-Ti图上铝土矿(岩)相对集中分布在玄武岩区及其附近。铝土矿(岩)稀土元素配分曲线缓右倾、稀土总量、δCe值与玄武岩相近。在LogCr-LogNi和w(La)/w(Yb)-w(REE)图上铝土矿(岩)分布接近玄武岩区而远离碳酸岩区。铝土矿(岩)具正Ce异常,中等Th/U和高Sr/Ba比值特点。综合岩石学、地球化学和成矿地质背景分析认为飞尺角铝土矿(岩)是在富氧的海相环境下由沉积作用形成,其下伏玄武岩为成矿提供了主要物源,灰岩贡献很少。     

Provenance of iron,bauxite and clay deposits of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation in southern margin of North China Craton: An example from Da'an bauxite and clay deposit of Sanmenxia area,Henan Province

During the Middle Ordovician to Late Carboniferous period,the North China Craton(NCC)was exposed and experienced prolonged weathering that resulted in the formation of large-scale iron,clay and bauxite deposits. The source of ore-forming material has always been a research focus,in particular,whether the sources of the iron ore and the Fe-bearing clay at the bottom of Benxi Formation are the same as the upper bauxite and clay deposit is still unclear. In this study,the Da'an bauxite and clay deposit at the southern margin of the NCC was chosen to carry out a detailed analysis of the micro-region mineral composition and elemental geochemical characteristics for further exploring the sources of iron,bauxite and clay deposits. The composition of the ore-bearing rocks in the Da'an bauxite deposit from the bottom to top includes Fe-bearing clay(locally iron ore),bauxite,and bauxitic clay;locally,in karstic uplift,bauxitic clay layer is directly overlying on the Fe-bearing clay. The Fe-bearing clay is dominated by siderite,pyrite,and illite in the karstic depression,and hematite,illite,and kaolinite in the uplift. Bauxite is mainly composed of diaspore,illite,and anatase,while bauxitic clay is mainly composed of illite. Mineral microanalysis revealed the development of large amounts of moissanite and small amounts of natural silica,silicalite,and chromite at the bottom of bauxitic clay layer. Regional comparison and correlation reveal that the ophiolite in the Shangdan suture zone and Erlangping Group in the North Qinling orogenic belt(NQOB)likely provides source materials for bauxite and clay deposits. The obvious differences in immobile element ratios (e.g., Zr/TiO₂,Hf/TiO₂,Nb/TiO₂,Ta/TiO₂)between the bottom Fe-bearing clay layer and the upper bauxite and clay layer in Da'an deposit,revealing that they are from different sources. The bottom Fe-bearing clay and iron ore layers are the products of in-situ weathering of underlying carbonates,while the top bauxite and clay are allochthonous. The regional uplift of the NQOB during the Late Carboniferous period provided important ore-forming materials for the formation of the NCC bauxite and clay deposits.     

贵州铝土矿中伴生元素综合利用前景

矿产资源是一种有限的不可再生的资源,其综合利用将成为今后某些金属的重要来源。贵州铝土矿床多富含镓、钪、稀土元素等稀有伴生有用元素,且矿石冶炼后的残渣．赤泥中更加富集这些元素,具有巨大潜在经济价值,本文认为通过对铝土矿中这些伴生元素的赋存状态、分布规律、控制因素和规模的系统研究,并结合合理的工业技术,不仅可为我国稀有金属元素提供战略基地,同时也能为铝工业注入新的活力,增加新的产业及经济增长点。     

贵州修文小山坝铝土矿中稀土元素地球化学特征

前人已经积累了大量贵州铝土矿的研究成果,但关于铝土矿与其中稀土元素的关系至今不清。本研究以修文小山坝铝土矿为例,通过ICP-MS分析测试,研究了矿石和围岩的稀土元素组成。结果表明,矿石中稀土配分模式为轻稀土富集向右倾斜型,具明显Eu负异常,与下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩稀土特征参数和配分模式相似,指出该矿床成矿物质来源以下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩为主,在相对氧化环境下经风化作用成矿。矿床中稀土元素主要富集于矿体及其周围,与Al2O3含量具正相关关系。矿石中稀土元素含量大多达到或超过综合利用标准,具有巨大的潜在经济价值。     

黔东南凯里—黄平地区梁山组铝土矿含矿岩系沉积时代之商榷

黔北—渝南大竹园组(C2d)与黔东南凯里—黄平地区梁山组(P2l),都是铝土矿含矿岩系,均产有丰富的孢子花粉。基于孢粉学研究,推测大竹园组孢粉应产于“石炭纪”,结合大竹园组与下伏上石炭统黄龙组（C2h）或下志留统韩家店组（S1hj）,以及上覆中二叠统梁山组（P2l）,皆为假整合接触等地质特征,推测大竹园组沉积时代大致为晚石炭世逍遥期,即卡西莫夫期—格舍尔期。黔北—渝南大竹园组上覆梁山组与凯里—黄平地区梁山组孢粉丰度较高,基于孢粉组合,推测其沉积时代皆为中二叠世罗甸期早期,即空谷期早期。依据岩石地层特征和化石组合,笔者等认为《中国矿产地质志·贵州卷·铝土矿》（2019）第六章“凯里式铝土矿”中,中二叠统梁山组（P2l）即为原梁山组上段的碳质页岩、煤层及砂岩等,该地区下二叠统“大竹园组（P1d）”,应为原梁山组中段的铝土矿、铝土岩等及下段的铁质黏土岩、菱铁矿层等,其沉积时代不应为“早二叠世紫松期晚期—隆林期”,即撒克马尔期—亚丁斯克期,而应为中二叠世罗甸期早期,即空谷期早期。     

论我国沉积高岭石矿和铝土矿煅烧材料的发展

我国沉积高岭石矿和硬水铝石铝土矿资源丰富,其储量和质量均为世界之冠。由于生产技术落后,目前只能生产粗加工产品或出口原矿。国外进口高岭石价格为我国原矿价格的十几倍或几十倍,我国应积极研究其深加工产品,重视铝土矿选矿工艺,加强高岭石矿表面改性技术研究。天津是北方经济中疏城市和重要港口,也是沉积高岭石矿与铝土矿的主要集散地。天津应发挥自身优势,集纳各方力量,合作开发世界一流产品,使天津成为世界级沉积高岭     

桂西地区二叠纪至白垩纪构造演化对沉积型铝土矿成矿的制约

桂西地区地处右江盆地,位于华南板块扬子陆块之上,是中国重要的铝土矿产地之一.为了探讨沉积型铝土矿对本地区晚古生代至早中生代的构造演化的响应,分析其对铝土矿成矿过程的影响,文章从矿床地质特征及地层学的角度,剖析了沉积型铝土矿赋矿地层及周边地区地层岩性记录的构造信息.结果显示,桂西沉积型铝土矿的成矿和改造过程始终受区域性构...     

沉积型铝土矿的陆表淋滤成矿作用: 兼论铝土矿床的成因分类*

铝土矿是化学风化作用的细粒终极产物,与强烈的化学风化作用密切相关。根据母岩的类别及作用过程,风化作用进一步分为铝硅酸盐岩强化学风化形成的红土化作用和碳酸盐岩强化学风化形成的钙红土化作用。在强烈的化学风化过程中,地表的原始沉积物(母岩)的原生矿物发生溶蚀、水解、水化、碳酸化、氧化,破坏原始的矿物结构,形成新的细粒矿物(主要是黏土质矿物)。在适合的地质条件下,持续的强烈化学风化作用会造成大部分活动的元素(如K、Na、Ca、Mg、Si)的流失与Al的残留富集从而形成铝土矿。现在观察到的沉积型铝土矿,虽然与古风化壳具有密切联系,但沉积型铝土矿多数是由沉积过程搬运到沉积盆地中所形成的强化学风化产物的沉积层,与古风化壳的残坡积层具有显著差别,只有少数工业价值不大(品位低、品质差)的残坡积相铝土矿。铝土矿含矿岩系的沉积环境与铝土矿(尤其是高品位、高品质的铝土矿)的成矿环境不尽相同。铝土矿主要形成于暴露于大气中的陆表环境(而非水下环境),由地下水淋滤作用形成(在渗流带由活动元素流失、Al等稳定元素残留富集而成)。本研究在铝土矿成矿作用分析等基础上,提出了以铝土矿沉积物等物源和沉积、成矿作用为依据的中国铝土矿床分类方案,包括原地或准原地残坡积物成因的红土型和喀斯特型,和异地物源沉积成因的沉积型。