我国西南地区岩溶水资源的基本特征及其和谐利用对策

应用岩溶学、水文地质学和水资源经济理论,以科学发展观为指导,按照经济社会可持续发展和水资源与人、生态环境、经济社会发展相和谐的理念,对我国西南地区岩溶水资源的基本特点、我国西南岩溶水资源和谐利用及其不利因素与问题进行了论述。在此基础上,提出了加强岩溶水资源勘查和有效配置、正确开发、高效利用、有效保护及统一管理为主要措施的我国西南岩溶水资源和谐利用对策。      

岩溶山区土壤耕作侵蚀研究——以重庆市中梁山为例

在岩溶山区采用示踪法证实了锄耕会引起耕作侵蚀。实验结果表明: 岩溶山区单次耕作土壤的最大位移距离为1m 左右;土壤平均位移距离0. 2053～0. 2982m,土壤位移量为42. 364～ 61. 534kg /m;耕作侵蚀速率为141. 21～ 205. 11t /hm2 ,平均侵蚀速率为162. 85t /hm2 ;它们都受坡度的影响,而且在相同坡体长度下,都随地块坡度的增加而递增。地块面积较小、坡体较短,地块破碎是岩溶山区土壤耕作侵蚀严重的重要原因。本文还结合岩溶山区特殊的自然环境条件,提出了加强岩溶山区土壤耕作侵蚀研究的必要性和重要意义。      

华北型煤田矿井突水地震波超声模拟研究

应用地震波超声模拟方法,研究了华北型煤田的煤系底部奥灰岩岩溶发育带对地震波的响应特征,为地震勘探技术应用于矿井台水提供了依据。     

Numerical simulation of karst groundwater system for discharge prediction and protection design of spring in Fangshan District,Beijing

As the rapid growth of population and social economy, the situation of water resources shortage in Beijing city becomes more and more serious. Karst groundwater in Beijing has great potential for development. The reasonable exploitation of karst groundwater can enhance the water-supply stability of Beijing city. Firstly, the distribution of springs has been investigated in Fangshan, Beijing, and the characteristics of these springs have also been analyzed. Secondly, the hydrogeological conceptual model has been built, based on this, the groundwater flow numerical simulation model was established, and the parameter identification and validation of the model were performed under groundwater level and spring discharge. The results shows that the simulated values of groundwater level and spring discharge are very close to measured values, and the model can be used for groundwater resources evaluation and spring discharge prediction. Finally, a reasonable exploitation design has been developed with three exploitation scenarios considering the spring discharge protection; meanwhile, the quantity of groundwater resources was evaluated in the karst aquifer. The simulation results indicate that different exploitation yields have a significant impact on spring discharge; and the effective measures should be taken to protect the spring discharge     

西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段土壤物理参数的变异研究

为了探索中国西南喀斯特地区石漠化过程中土壤物理性质的变异规律,采用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,对贵州省荔波县及普定县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的物理参数进行了研究。结果表明:土壤有机质质量分数随石漠化程度的加深逐渐减小;非石漠化土壤重度仅为6.15 N/m3,随着石漠化的发展,土壤重度逐渐增大,总孔隙度随之减小;石漠化的发展导致土壤黏粒含量升高;土壤水稳性团聚体质量分数及微团聚体的结构系数均随石漠化程度加深而减小;土壤有机质质量分数与重度、砂粒含量、大于5 mm团聚体含量及结构系数的相关系数分别为-0.921 2、0.827 7、0.907 2、0.899 3,均达到极显著水平。通过封山育林等措施增加喀斯特地区有机质积累可改善土壤物理性质,对防治石漠化具有重要意义。     

喀斯特高原不同植被演替阶段土壤动物群落特征

选择贵州喀斯特高原三个典型地貌单元作为研究区,于2009-05对不同植被演替阶段的土壤动物群落进行研究.共获土壤动物3 992只,隶属于5门10纲26目,共31个类群,优势类群为弹尾目(Collembola)、甲螨亚目(Oribatida)、中气门亚目(Mesostigmata);常见类群为前气门亚目(Prostigmata)、膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、半翅目(Hemiptera )、近孔寡毛目(Plesiopora)、双翅目(Diptera)、双尾目(Diplura).研究结果表明,随着喀斯特植被的不断退化,土壤动物数量不断减少,表现为林地＞灌丛＞草地＞石漠化地;类群数亦呈减少趋势.各演替阶段土壤动物表聚性明显,但人为干扰(如翻耕等)可导致土壤动物出现逆分布现象.土壤动物多样性分析表明,中小型土壤动物的多样性指数从林地到石漠化地逐渐减小.     

Heavy metal distribution in karst soils from Croatia and Slovakia

With the use of the optimised three-step BCR sequential-extraction procedure it was possible to assess the mobility of selected elements in soil profiles from Croatian and Slovakian karst terrains. The soils in the Croatian karst were enriched in Cr, Ni, V, Mn, Cu, Cd and Mo, while soils from the Slovak Karst had high Pb and Zn concentrations. It was determined that the elements were most readily mobilised from the topsoil and the degree of mobility decreased with depth. Cr and Ni were mainly bound to the residual fraction, and Pb in the oxidisable fraction. Cu mobility was high in samples treated with agrochemicals throughout the soil profile.     

Time-input,an innovative groundwater-vulnerability assessment scheme: application to an alpine test site

The time-input method provides a new approach to evaluating groundwater vulnerability especially in mountainous areas. Its main factors are: (1) the travel time from the surface to groundwater (about 60%) enhanced by (2) the amount of input as groundwater recharge (about 40%). In contrast to other assessment schemes comparable to this method, the vulnerability is expressed in real time and not classified by dimensionless numbers with the advantage that the credibility of results is easier to check and the evaluation process is more transparent. The Index-Method was applied in a well-studied forested dolomitic karst area in the front range of the Austrian Northern Calcareous Alps. The aspect and the dip of the bedding planes towards or away from the groundwater have been included in this method. These are additional to the traditionally chosen investigation layers such as vegetation, slope inclination, thickness of soil, unconsolidated sediment and unsaturated rock, and fault zones.     

Geologic controls on porosity development in the Maynardville Limestone, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

 Understanding the geologic controls of porosity development and their relationship to the karst aquifer system in the Cambrian Maynardville Limestone is important in determining possible contaminant transport pathways and provides essential data for hydrologic models within the Oak Ridge Reservation of east Tennessee. In the Maynardville Limestone, several important factors control porosity development: (1) lithologic controls on secondary microporosity and mesoporosity are related to dissolution of evaporite minerals and dedolomitization in supratidal facies; (2) depth below the ground surface controls the formation of karst features because the most active portion of the groundwater system is at shallow depths, and karst features are rare below ≈35 m; and (3) structural controls are related to solution enlargement of fractures and faults. Received: 21 May 1996 · Accepted: 30 August 1996     

On 226Ra and 222Rn concentrations in the brackish waters of coastal aquifers: lab-investigations and confirmation in the carbonate aquifer of Brindisi (Italy)

The ground waters circulating in the Apulian mesozoic carbonate aquifer, of coastal type, show high concentrations of ²²²Rn everywhere. Considering their variation during the different phases of a hydrological year, such high concentration values can reach activity of 20 Bq/L, in the more internal zones of the aquifer. Moreover, it is often observed that, in correspondence of wells and springs nearest the coast, the concentrations of radioactive gas reach values greater than 400 Bq/L and vary considerably during the course of a day and with withdrawals. The research carried out over the last few years, has confirmed that ²²⁶Ra and ²²²Rn concentrations in the karst groundwater of Apulia, are mainly related to the occurrence of Terra Rossa inside the aquifer and the capacity of these paleosols to fix the salts of ²²⁶Ra coming from the dissolution of the calcareous and calcareous-dolomitic rocks. This paper shows the results of the analysis performed to define ²²²Rn increase in the brackish waters that come in contact with carbonate rocks and terra rossa. It also indicates the results of surveys performed in a coastal zone with well-known hydrogeological features. The controls performed during one hydrological year, have confirmed the relationships between the salt content of the ground waters and the enrichment of ²²²Rn and have highlighted that the manner of increase of this radioisotope is related to cases of ionic exchange and adsorption regulated by the dynamics of marine intrusion.