模糊综合评判在临沂城区岩溶塌陷危险性评价中的应用

岩溶塌陷是山东省临沂市区最重要的地质灾害类型,该文首次采用基于层次分析的模糊综合评判法对岩溶塌陷进行了危险性现状评价,综合得出了危险性评价分级图,为当地岩溶塌陷防治工作提供了基础数据,也为同类地质灾害预防提供了借鉴模式。     

鲁中南岩溶分区初步研究

依据山东省中南部地质、气候环境的差异,划分岩溶区、亚区及岩溶系统。对岩溶区域的岩溶形态,由宏观到微观,由地表到地下,由溶蚀形态特征到堆积形态特征进行了详细论述。该区岩溶形态丰富多彩,既有代表半干旱岩溶区特征的干谷、大泉、常态山含石灰岩角砾的坡麓堆积的组合,也有代表半湿润岩溶区特征的溶丘、溶沟田、溶蚀洼地、地下河、洞内指向流纹、天锅、边槽及红壤土等的组合。     

西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段土壤物理参数的变异研究

为了探索中国西南喀斯特地区石漠化过程中土壤物理性质的变异规律,采用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,对贵州省荔波县及普定县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的物理参数进行了研究。结果表明：土壤有机质质量分数随石漠化程度的加深逐渐减小;非石漠化土壤重度仅为6.15 N/m^3,随着石漠化的发展,土壤重度逐渐增大,总孔隙度随之减小;石漠化的发展导致土壤黏粒含量升高;土壤水稳性团聚体质量分数及微团聚体的结构系数均随石漠化程度加深而减小;土壤有机质质量分数与重度、砂粒含量、大于5 mm团聚体含量及结构系数的相关系数分别为-0.921 2、0.827 7、0.907 2、0.899 3,均达到极显著水平。通过封山育林等措施增加喀斯特地区有机质积累可改善土壤物理性质,对防治石漠化具有重要意义。     

应城汤池镇岩溶地面塌陷成因与防治

汤池镇位于两组断裂交汇处，下伏震旦系碳酸盐岩中赋存岩溶热水。每年冬季超量开采地热使地下水位骤降37m，产生真空吸蚀、失托增荷等作用，破坏上覆岩土体结构，周而复始，导致7处地面塌陷。目前塌陷的解除性依然存在，为防治地面塌陷必须减少冬季开采量，严格控制水位降深小于16m。     

岩溶单元流域结构与水资源开发利用模式研究—— 以贵州省普定后寨岩溶流域为例

在论述后寨岩溶单元流域二元流场结构的基础上，对地表、地下水资源进行了估算，根据水资源量和上、中、下游不同地貌组合类型，采取上游蓄、排，中游蓄、引、提，下游引、提的综合开发利用模式，解决了流域81km2的工、农业用水和普定县城3万余人的饮用水问题。     

Water budget and vertical conductance for Lowry (Sand Hill) Lake in north-central Florida, USA

Water-budget components and the vertical conductance were determined for Lowry (Sand Hill) Lake in north-central Florida, USA. In this type of lake, which interacts with both the surface-water and groundwater systems, the inflow components are precipitation, surface-water inflow, groundwater inflow, and direct runoff (i.e. overland flow), and the outflow components are evaporation, groundwater outflow, and surface-water outflow. In a lake and groundwater system that is typical of many karst lakes in Florida, a large part of the groundwater outflow occurs by means of vertical leakage through an underlying confining unit to a deeper, highly transmissive aquifer called the upper Floridan aquifer. The water-budget component that represents vertical leakage to the upper Floridan aquifer was calculated as a residual using the water-budget equation. For the 13 month period from August 1994 to August 1995, relative to the surface area of the lake, rainfall at Lowry Lake was 1.55 m yr⁻¹, surficial aquifer inflow was 0.79 m yr⁻¹, surface-water inflow was 1.92 m yr⁻¹, and direct runoff was 0.01 m yr⁻¹. Lake evaporation was 1.11 m yr⁻¹, and surface-water outflow was 1.61 m yr⁻¹. The lake stage increased 0.07 m yr⁻¹, and the vertical leakage to the upper Floridan aquifer was 1.48 m yr⁻¹. Surficial aquifer outflow from the lake was negligible. At Lowry Lake, vertical leakage is a major component of the water budget, comprising about 35% of the outflow during the study period. The vertical conductance (K_V/b), a coefficient that represents the average of the vertical conductances of the hydrogeologic units between the bottom of a lake and the top of the upper Floridan aquifer, was determined to be 2.51 × 10⁻⁴ day⁻¹ for Lowry Lake.     

High sulfate concentrations in limestone springs: An important factor in conduit initiation?

Major ion concentrations in 404 springs in carbonate strata were found to exhibit a wide range in sulfate values. Sulfate concentrations are often much larger than would be expected from the analysis of samples from surface outcrops. Springs in the Sierra Madre Oriental (Mexico), the Rocky Mountains Front Range (Canada), and the Peak District (England) show similarities in sulfate concentration and in spatial distribution. Springs with high sulfate concentrations are found close to base level and are thermal. Springs with low sulfate concentration are found at higher elevations above base level and are not thermal. There is a direct relationship between sulfate concentration and spring temperature, and an inverse relationship with discharge. The results from the three areas described support a model of local and regional flow patterns, with deep regional flow providing the warm sulfate-rich water. The initial fracture porosity development in these aquifers may owe as much to the removal of sulfur minerals as to the removal of carbonate minerals. High sulfate values are frequently found in carbonate aquifers, so this model may be of widespread applicability.     

喀斯特洼地的分形特性研究*

以贵州高原中部普定马官地区和云南高原边缘西畴峰丛-洼地区为试验区,研究和探讨了喀斯特洼地发育过程中的分形特性。     

皂市水库诱震地质条件及危险性初评

对湖南皂市水库库区及区域地壳运动、沉积建造以及浅部岩溶、古岩溶及深部岩溶作用作了较深入的研究与探讨,对与库区关系较密切的断裂及其活动性进行了考察,否定了沿主要库段南缘分布的袁公渡断裂.在上述工作基础上,认为水库区不存在诱发较大地震的地质条件,即使诱发较小有感地震,对大坝亦无影响。     

Geomorphology and hydrology of upper sinking cove,cumberland plateau,Tennessee

Upper Sinking Cove, dissecting the eastern escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau, is characterized by a multiple aquifer, predominantly vadose hydrologic system with minor surface components. There is a central trunk channel along the axis of the cove and a network of independent tributaries. Aquitards within the limestones, particularly Hartselle Formation shales, have influenced both cave and surface landform development by perching ground waters and slowing the vertical growth of closed depressions. Long-term solutional denudation in the portion of the cove underlain by limestones (40 per cent) is an estimated 56 mm per 1000 years, suggesting that karst development began 15–16 million years ago. Despite lower soil CO₂ and spring water hardness, 61 per cent of annual denudation occurs in the six winter months when 76 per cent of yearly runoff occurs. Landform development in Upper Sinking Cove appears to have begun as stream erosion carved a valley first in the sandstone caprock of the escarpment and later in the underlying Pennington Formation limestones containing numerous shale layers which promoted surface stream flow. Eventually stream erosion exposed the massive Bangor limestones which allowed deep ground water flow. Surface streams were pirated underground with the eventual formation of the chain of three closed depressions which constitute Upper Sinking Cove.