Hydrology and hydrogeology of Sakaryabaşı Karstic springs, Çifteler, Turkey

The Sakarya River is one of the largest rivers in Turkey and is fed mainly from Sakaryabaşı springs. The Sakaryabaşı springs are located in the Central Anatolia and issue from confined/semi-confined karst having a thermal component and therefore, having quite different hydrogeological characteristics as compared to the Taurus Karst region, a typical example of the Mediterranean type of karst. The karstic carbonate rocks that form the groundwater reservoir are overlain by a thick semi-pervious overburden of mainly clastics of Neogene age. Tectonics is the major factor controlling the occurrence of the karst springs in the area where topography is rather flat. This study aimed at explaining the occurrence and movement of the karst groundwater within the system by use of hydrogeological, chemical, and isotopic tools. Isotopic composition of the waters revealed that all waters in the region are of meteoric origin and the thermal component is due to deep circulation. The catchment area of the hydrogeological system extends to the south and groundwater movement is towards the outlets, which are in a depression along a major fault. The movement of the groundwater, based on analysis of remotely sensed images, is controlled mainly by structural elements.     

广西合山电厂灰水对岩土层工程特性的影响

采用溶滤试验和渗透变形试验等方法,重点研究了广西合山电厂灰水对岩土工程性质的影响: 在灰水的长期作用下,溶解并带走土体中难溶的碳酸盐和Al2O3 胶结物等物质,造成土体骨架疏松,降低土体的胶结力,破坏土体的结构,从而使土体含水量、液性指数、渗透系数快速增长,土体渗透变形临界坡降则大幅度下降。因此,在灰水长期作用下,大大降低了土体抗变形和抗塌陷破坏的能力,加速土层中土洞的形成和发展。另外,灰水长期作用,还促进了岩溶作用,扩大了岩溶管道和裂隙,有利于塌陷的形成和发育。      

自重湿陷性黄土地区桩基设计探讨

根据自重湿陷性黄土的特点、《湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范》（GB50025—2004）和《建筑桩基技术规范》（JGJ94—94）中关于桩基设计的对比分析，通过自重湿陷性黄土场地工程实例分析计算，依据负摩擦产生的机理——中性点理论，论述了自重湿陷性黄土场地中桩基设计应考虑中性点，而不应全部计入负摩阻的观点。     

华北煤田岩溶陷落柱及其突水研究综述及展望

华北煤田岩溶陷落柱（简称“陷落柱”）是地质历史演化过程中形成的产物。80多年来,在中国华北煤田39个矿区煤矿开采过程中共揭露10 000多个陷落柱,因其导致的重大突水淹井事故20余起,研究岩溶陷落柱对系统认识中国矿山岩溶水文地质条件以及防治岩溶水害具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。文章系统梳理、总结了华北煤田陷落柱的发育特征、成因机理、突水机理、探查与防治方法,归纳出近年来华北南缘陷落柱的研究成果,并结合目前华北煤田生产过程中陷落柱研究与水害防治中存在的问题,从陷落柱形成机理与演化过程、小型隐伏陷落柱精细化探查与解译、陷落柱“动态监测—预测模型—突水机理”模式以及陷落柱水害防治技术体系等方面展望了其今后研究趋势及水害防治的方向。     

Dynamics and interaction of organic carbon, turbidity and bacteria in a karst aquifer system

The dynamics of organic carbon (OC), turbidity, faecal indicator bacteria and physicochemical parameters was studied in a karst system near Yverdon, Switzerland. Online measurements and sampling were done at a swallow hole draining an agricultural surface (the input), and two groups of springs (the outputs) that often show bacterial contamination. A fluorescent tracer that was injected into the swallow hole during low-flow conditions first arrived at the springs 10–12 days after injection; the total recovery rate was 29%. Previous tracer tests during high-flow conditions gave shorter travel times. After a major rainfall event, a primary turbidity peak was observed at the springs. It coincides with the rising limb of the hydrograph, indicating remobilisation of autochthonous particles from the aquifer. A secondary turbidity peak occurs several days later, suggesting the arrival of allochthonous particles from the swallow hole. Wider peaks of OC and bacteria were observed simultaneously. Applying methods from molecular microbiology (PCR-DGGE) allowed characterisation of the bacterial communities at the swallow hole and the springs. The results demonstrate that the swallow hole is an important source of groundwater contamination, while its contribution to aquifer recharge is insignificant. OC appears to be a better indicator for bacterial contamination than turbidity.     

Quantification of karst aquifer discharge components during storm events through end-member mixing analysis using natural chemistry and stable isotopes as tracers

Karst aquifer components that contribute to the discharge of a water supply well in the Classical Karst (Kras) region (Italy/Slovenia) were quantitatively estimated during storm events. Results show that water released from storage within the epikarst may comprise as much as two-thirds of conduit flow in a karst aquifer following rainfall. Principal components analysis (PCA) and end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) were performed using major ion chemistry and the stable isotopes of water (δ¹⁸O, δ²H) and of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ¹³C_DIC) to estimate mixing proportions among three sources: (1) allogenic river recharge, (2) autogenic recharge, and (3) an anthropogenic component stored within the epikarst. The sinking river most influences the chemical composition of the water-supply well under low-flow conditions; however, this proportion changes rapidly during recharge events. Autogenic recharge water, released from shallow storage in the epikarst, displaces the river water and is observed at the well within hours after the onset of precipitation. The autogenic recharge end member is the second largest component of the well chemistry, and its contribution increases with higher flow. An anthropogenic component derived from epikarstic storage also impacts the well under conditions of elevated hydraulic head, accounting for the majority of the chemical response at the well during the wettest conditions.     

Retrieval of stratospheric O3 and NO2 vertical profiles using zenith scattered light observations

Daily zenith scattered light intensity observations were carried out in the morning twilight hours using home-made UV-visible spectrometer over the tropical station Pune (18‡31′, 73‡51′) for the years 2000–2003. These observations are obtained in the spectral range 462–498 nm for the solar zenith angles (SZAs) varying from 87‡ to 91.5‡. An algorithm has been developed to retrieve vertical profiles of ozone (O₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) from ground-based measurements using the Chahine iteration method. This retrieval method has been checked using measured and recalculated slant column densities (SCDs) and they are found to be well matching. O₃ and NO₂ vertical profiles have been retrieved using a set of their air mass factors (AMFs) and SCDs measured over a range of 87–91.5‡ SZA during the morning. The vertical profiles obtained by this method are compared with Umkehr profiles and ozonesondes and they are found to be in good agreement. The bulk of the column density is found near layer 20–25 km. Daily total column densities (TCDs) of O₃ and NO₂ along with their stratospheric and tropospheric counterparts are derived using their vertical profiles for the period 2000–2003. The total column, stratospheric column and tropospheric column amounts of both trace gases are found to be maximum in summer and minimum in the winter season. Increasing trend is found in column density of NO₂ in stratospheric, tropospheric and surface layers, but no trend is observed in O₃ columns for above layers during the period 2000–2003     

基于两级模糊数学综合评判法的岩溶塌陷危险性评价——以安顺市中心城市规划区为例

以安顺市中心城市规划区作为研究对象,收集、综合分析研究区有关地质资料,结合实地调查、物探、钻探、监测、高精度遥感解译等成果,选取6个一级评价因子,15个二级评价因子,建立研究区基于两级模糊数学综合评判法的岩溶塌陷危险性评价方法体系。在此基础上,量化各级指标及权重取值,开展研究区岩溶塌陷危险性评价。结果显示,安顺市中心城市规划区内总体岩溶塌陷危险性中区和高区所占比重较大,占研究区总面积的70.35%,危险性高区主要分布于头铺—幺铺一线,占研究区总面积的13.56%。评价结果与岩溶塌陷历史事件相符,具有较高的可信度。     

非饱和黄土渗透性规律的土柱试验研究

黄土边坡的变形破坏一般与地表水入渗导致的地下水位上升有关。然而,现场观测发现黄土地区地表水入渗深度有限,降雨的湿润峰一般在2m以内。自湿润峰以下至地下水位之间很长一段的含水率是不变的,那么地表水是如何补给地下水的,一直存在争议。为此,本文利用甘肃正宁县地区的Q3黄土重塑样进行非饱和渗透特性的土柱试验。在一个4m高的玻璃桶内制备土样,土柱上按一定间距插入水分计探头,在顶部按每天1000mL水量均匀渗入水,测得给定时间沿土柱的含水率剖面。结果发现,随着补给时间的延长,湿润峰下移,湿润峰经过的上半土柱含水率几乎不变,当湿润峰到达土柱底部时,形成潜水位,这和现场观察的现象一致。这说明在地表活动带以下,饱和带以上,虽然土的含水率不变,但存在着稳定非饱和渗流,这是黄土地区地下水的唯一补给方式。     

岩溶区层状缓倾角岩质边坡变形破坏机制研究

在贵州岩溶区某大型工程台址工程地质环境条件研究基础上,采用地质历史过程机制分析法和数值模拟方法,对岩溶区层状缓倾角岩质边坡变形破坏机制作系统研究,总结出了4种变形破坏机制,即高陡的层状缓倾内边坡(A类坡)主要发生倾倒-崩落或拉裂-崩落破坏,低矮的层状缓倾内边坡(C类坡)则以小规模垮塌为主;缓倾外顺层边坡(B类坡)以滑移-拉裂型顺层滑坡或块状滑坡为主,而复合型边坡(D类坡)多以滑移-拉裂和弯曲-拉裂组合形式发生破坏.