A model to simulate recharge processes of karst massifs

The recharge processes have been evaluated for two karst massifs of southern Italy, the Mt Terminio and Mt Cervialto, characterized by wide endorheic areas. The annual mean recharge has been estimated by Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, from regression of annual mean values of different ground‐elevated rain gauges and thermometers. The recharge has been distinguished for endorheic areas and the other areas of spring catchment, and the ratio between the output spring and input rainfall has been also estimated (recharge coefficient). The annual recharge has been used to calibrate a daily scale model, which allows to estimate the amount of effective rainfall, which is retained as soil moisture; the amount reaching the water table (recharge s.s.); and the amount of rainfall, which develops the runoff and leaves the catchment. All these amounts vary through the hydrological year, in function of soil moisture deficit and daily rainfall intensity. The model allows estimating the recharge conditions through the hydrological year, and it is a useful tool for water management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Early Aged Ophiolite in the Western Kunlun Mts., NW Tibetan Plateau and Its Tectonic Implications

1 Introduction The Kuda ophiolite occurred in the western Kunlun Mountains, which lies about the intersection of longitude 77°10′ E and latitude 36°45′ N (Figs. 1, 2). The upper portion of the ophiolite mainly consists of a thick layer of basaltic pillow lavas, which was well exposed along the high way from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the western Tibetan Plateau, and the middle-lower part, the mafic-ultramafic cumulates and upper mantle rocks occur at the top of the mountain n…     

东昆仑万宝沟群中的基性火山岩特征及其成因探讨

本文通过对基性火山岩样品的综合研究,论述了该岩组的岩石学特征;着重阐述了稀土元素、痕量元素含量变化特征;论证了万宝沟群中的基性火山岩的成因。指出万宝沟基性火山岩既有别于大洋正常拉斑玄武岩,也不同于大陆拉斑玄武岩,而是来源于上地幔,属于分异作用不发育、略偏碱性、于浅-中海环境中形成的洋岛型拉斑玄武岩。     

Chemistry of Neutral and Alkaline Waters with Low Al<Superscript>3+</Superscript> Activity Against Hydroxyaluminosilicate HAS<Subscript>B</Subscript> Solubility. The Evidence from Ground and Surface Waters of the Sudetes Mts. (SW Poland)

A wide set of aqueous chemistry data (574 water analyses) from natural environments has been used to testify and validate of the solubility of synthetic hydroxyaluminosilicate (HAS_B)_, Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄. The ground and surface waters represent regolith and/or fissure aquifers in various (magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic) bedrocks in the Sudetes Mts. (SW Poland). The solubility of HAS_B in natural waters was calculated using the method proposed by Schneider et al. (Polyhedron 23:3185–3191, 2004). Results confirm usefulness and validity of this method. The HAS_B solubility obtained from the field data (logK_sp = −44.7 ± 0.58) is lower than it was estimated (logK_sp = −40.6 ± 0.15) experimentally (Schneider et al. Polyhedron 23:3185–3191, 2004). In the waters studied the equilibrium with HAS_B is maintained at pH above 6.7 and at [Al³⁺] ≤ 10⁻¹⁰. Silicon activity (log[H₄SiO₄]) ranges between −4.2 and −3.4. Due to the calculation method used, the K_sp mentioned above cannot be considered as a classical solubility constant. However, it can be used in the interpretation of aluminium solubility in natural waters. The HAS_B has solubility lower than amorphous Al(OH)₃, and higher than proto-imogolite. From water samples that are in equilibrium with respect to HAS_B, the solubility product described by the reaction, is calculated to be logK_sp = 14.0 (±0.7) at 7°C.     

中生代大兴安岭的隆起——一种可能的陆内造山机制

本文将大兴安岭中生代地表地质演化,与地壳、上地幔、软流圈不同深部的构造特征结合起来,反演大兴安岭的演化过程:从早中生代底侵作用开始,经过晚中生代的大量壳幔混合岩浆侵位-喷发,大兴安岭完成了造山第一阶段的陆壳增生过程,早白垩世伴随大兴安岭的快速隆升和两侧盆地的沉降,形成了盆-岭构造,完成了造山第二阶段的隆升过程。作者通过大兴安岭的这一独具特色的造山作用,提出陆内造山的一种可能的机制,即伸展造山,同时对陆内造山区别板缘造山的复杂性提出了初步的认识。     

可可西里东部活动断裂的地质特征

通过大比例尺地质勘测、路线观测、探槽揭露和综合分析,在青藏铁路可可西里段沿线鉴别出14条活动走滑断层,组成五道梁活动断裂、可可西里山北活动断裂和可可西里山南活动断裂,构成可可西里东部活动走滑断裂系。典型断层F_(16),F_(16-4),F_(17-2),F_(17-3),F_(18-4)切割最新地层的年龄分别为4500a,5.33万a,3700 a,1.53万a,6000 a,反映可可西里东部走滑断裂系在晚更新世晚期—全新世具有强烈活动;估算断层平均走滑运动速度分别为1.50 mm/a,0.39 mm/a,7.76 mm/a,6.76 mm/a,3.27mm/a。部分活动走滑断层发育砂质构造楔、地震陡坎和砂土液化现象,反映可可西里东部走滑断裂系具有强烈的地震活动性。断裂活动能够产生多种不同类型的地质灾害,对青藏公路、青藏铁路及永久性重大工程安全具有不良影响。     

青藏高原东缘龙门山冲断带与四川盆地的现今构造表现:数字地形和地震活动证据

龙门山冲断带位于四川盆地与青藏高原东缘之间,其现今地貌和构造活动表现对于理解青藏高原东缘和四川盆地晚新生代的演化具有非常重要的意义。已有的认识多数是从“山”的角度得出的,我们尝试从“盆”这一角度,利用近20年来的地震活动资料和地震反射剖面,结合数字高程模型(DEM),通过三维可视化分析软件来探讨四川盆地及龙门山的地貌特征和现代构造活动表现。初步研究结果表明:1)龙门山的现今地貌和地震分布具有明显的南北分段性;2)青藏高原东缘活动块体边界表现为由龙门山南段北东向构造在安县附近转折为岷山的南北向构造;3)龙门山南段的现代地震活动已深入四川盆地内部,形成地壳规模的楔形逆冲构造,地震活动、现代地貌和地震反射剖面的证据揭示了龙门山及四川盆地存在晚新生代构造缩短的可能性。     

大兴安岭南部钠闪石流纹岩的岩石成因:年代学和地球化学证据

本文报道了在大兴安岭南部白音高老组新发现的钠闪石流纹岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果和岩石地球化学资料,以便揭示富碱钠闪石流纹岩的成因与区域构造演化.钠闪石流纹岩中锆石为自形-半自形的长柱状、短柱状,具有明显岩浆成因的震荡生长环带,结合其Th/U比值(1.2～1.9),暗示其为岩浆成因.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,其206Pb/238U年龄介于134 ～ 149Ma之间,其加权平均年龄为141Ma,表明钠闪石流纹岩形成于早白垩世早期.锆石εHf(t)=+9.07～+12.08,二阶段Hf模式年龄介于415 ～616Ma之间.岩石地球化学资料表明,钠闪石流纹岩以富硅、碱、铁质和贫钙、镁质为特征,在地球化学上,具有典型的A型流纹岩特征.该类岩石不仅具有高的稀土元素总量(REE=307×10-6～ 1395×10-6)、显著的Ce正异常(Ce/Ce* =6.52 ～ 18.6)和显著的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.007 ～0.009),而且表现出高场强元素(如Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta)的显著富集、大离子亲石元素(如Ba、Sr)的强烈亏损和很高的Ga/A1比值(104×Ga/Al =4.88～6.41).上述资料表明,钠闪石流纹岩的原始岩浆应是古俯冲蚀变洋壳部分熔融的产物,并形成于蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带闭合后的岩石圈伸展构造环境.     

大兴安岭北部兴凯期花岗岩地球化学特征及构造意义

大兴安岭北部阿龙山—满归地区新近发现一套花岗岩类,岩石类型为正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩、石英正长岩,发育片麻状构造。主要分布于前寒武纪结晶基底区,内部见有前寒武纪变质表壳岩包体;岩石化学特征上显示较好的同源性,属于轻稀土富集型,微量元素以较高的大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Sr、Th等)和较低的过渡族元素(如Cr、Ni、Co、Cs等)含量为特征;成因类型属于I型花岗岩,形成于火山弧及同碰撞的构造背景。单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为654±46Ma,应为兴凯期产物。兴凯期花岗岩类的确定对于区域构造的重新认识有重要的意义。     

大兴安岭南端花岗岩磁化率及其岩石学意义

花岩石磁化率特征表明：大兴安岭南段黄岗－－大井地区存在钛铁矿系列和磁铁矿系列两类花岗岩。印支期以钛铁矿系列花岗岩为主,燕山期磁铁矿系列花岗岩出露稍多。印支期花岗岩具较低氧化系数,其磁化率的高低主要反映ＦｅＯｔ含量的高低。燕山期花岗岩的磁化率同时受ＦｅＯｔ和氧化系数控制,而氧化系数的影响更为明显。δＯ＾１８及其与磁化率关系表明岩浆期后变化对本区花岗岩磁化率的改变极为有限。磁化率与ＩＳｒ、δＯ＾１８关