1975-2008 年西藏色林错湖面变化对气候变化的响应

根据1975 年地形图、80 年代至2008 年的TM、CBERS 卫星遥感资料和近34 年(1975-2008 年) 的气温、降水量、蒸发量、最大冻土深度等气候资料分析得出,西藏那曲地区西部的色林错及其周围的错鄂、雅根错的面积在近30 年来呈较显著的扩大趋势,到2008 年面积分别为2196.23 km2、279.24 km²、103.07 km²,与1975 年分别增长了574.46 km²、11.59 km2和68.13 km²,增长速度分别为35.4%、4.3%和195%。色林错从1999-2008 年湖面扩大速度为20%,平均上涨了420 km²/10a,已超过纳木错面积,成为西藏第一大咸水湖。冰雪融水量的增加是湖泊上涨的根本原因,其次与降水量的增加和蒸发量的减少、冻土退化等暖湿化的气候变化存在很大关系。     

藏北双湖山字形山玄武岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

次对藏北双湖山字形山玄武岩进行了同位素年代学和岩石地球化学研究。锆石LA ICP MS U Pb测年结果表明,玄武岩形成时代为中三叠世Ladinian期((2358±27) Ma)。主量元素SiO2质量分数为4284%~5222%,TiO2为161%~269%,FeOT/MgO为152~194,属亚碱性系列拉斑玄武岩。稀土元素∑REE含量为11409×10-6~20847×10-6,(La/Yb)N为490~650,相对富集LREE。微量元素配分模式曲线与OIB型玄武岩相似。岩石成因研究表明岩浆在演化过程中主要受分离结晶作用控制,La/Nb、La/Ta、Zr/Ba等不相容元素比值与Ti含量表明,山字形山玄武岩可能是软流圈地幔与岩石圈地幔相互作用的产物。玄武岩较高的Zr含量与Zr/Y比值显示其处于板内伸展构造背景。结合区域地质资料推测,中三叠世玄武质岩浆是南、北羌塘地块碰撞造山过程中板片断离、软流圈物质上涌熔融的产物,而晚三叠世偏铝质-过铝质岩浆岩及高压变质岩折返剥露为造山带垮塌引起的伸展作用的结果。     

Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotope Values and Microfossils at 41.4–4.5 ka BP in Tai Co, Tibet, China, and Their Paleoclimatic Significance

Two sedimentary sections were measured at Tai Co (Co means lake in Tibetan) in western Tibet, China. The two sections are almost all composed of clay carbonate beds except in their lower parts where there are carbonized plants at >10 cm depths and dark-colored carbonate clay and clay at 50–70 cm depths, yielding abundant gastropods, ostracods, and charophytes. The carbon and oxygen stable isotope values of carbonate, ostracods, and charophytes and ecological features of microfossil communities indicate the following climatic change in the area from 41.4 to 4.5 ka BP: at 41.4–26.2 ka BP, the climate was relatively wet; at 26.2–25.5 ka BP, it was slightly warm-dry; at 25.5–22.5 ka BP, it was warm-wet; at 22.5–21.0 ka BP, it was slightly cold-wet; at 20.5–17.5 ka BP, it became cold abruptly and slightly wet, implying the climate of the last glacial maximum; at 17.5–16.0 ka BP, it was slightly cold-dry; at 16.0–11.8 ka BP, it was slightly warm-wet; at 11.8–10.4 ka BP, it was relatively cold-dry, roughly equivalent to the climate of the Younger Dryas, and at 10.4 ka BP, the temperatures began to rise again; at 10.4–9.4 ka BP, it was slightly warm-wet; at 9.4–8.5 ka BP, there occurred short warm-wet oscillations; at 8.5–7.9 ka BP, it was slightly dry-cold, representing a strong temperature-lowering and drying event in the postglacial stage; at 7.8–6.3 ka BP, it was slightly warm-wet; at 6.3–4.5 ka BP, the climate tended to be cold-dry. 4.5 ka BP recorded the maximum aridity since the late part of the late Pleistocene.     

碎屑锆石对班公湖地区晚侏罗世-早白垩世沉积物源的制约

本文对班公湖地区中生代沙木罗组（J3—K1s）和日松组（J3r）地层的碎屑锆石进行了形态学及U-Pb年代学的研究。结果表明：锆石颗粒粒径约为100～150 μm,内部结构清晰,晶体为长柱状,自形程度较高,多数锆石不含暗色包体及浑圆形内核; 有些锆石颗粒有扇型分带结构。Th/U比值较大,多数大于0.1,均值约为0.86,说明岩浆的成因以锆石为主体,部分颗粒或晶体可能为变质成因; 锆石年龄主要分布在6个区间范围内： 1）180～100 Ma, 2）350～180 Ma, 3）600～450 Ma, 4）1100～600 Ma, 5）1800～1400 Ma, 6）2200～1800 Ma。锆石U-Pb年龄谱对应了羌塘地块经历的几次构造热事件,验证了晚侏罗世—早白垩世班公湖地区的物源主要来自其北部的羌塘地块。     

西藏佩枯错盆地晚更新世以来的孢粉组合特征及其古气候意义

西藏佩枯错盆地晚更新世以来河湖相沉积剖面的孢粉分析显示,该地区在晚更新世早期的127—72kaB.P.时期,气候温和湿润,植被以针阔叶混交林为主;至66—56kaB.P.时期,气候转变为温凉略干,植被转为疏林草原;在56—49kaB.P.时期,气候温凉潮湿,植被又转为针阔叶混交林为主的森林草原;而在49—46kaB.P.时期,气候温和偏干,植被转为疏林草原;在46—31kaB.P.时期,气候寒凉湿润,植被表现为温度进一步下降的疏林草原;在31—15kaB.P.时期,环境向寒冷方向发展,植被转为高寒草原;自11kaB.P.(全新世初期)开始,气候由温暖偏干转变为温凉偏湿,植被由灌丛草原转变为森林灌丛草原。这表明自晚更新世以来,该区气候环境是在逐渐变干的总趋势上,经历了多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。     

Water Quality of the River Yamuna in the Delhi Stretch: Key Determinants and Management Issues

The assessment of water quality of the River Yamuna in the Delhi stretch was carried out by determining changes in the concentration levels of 19 physico‐chemical parameters. It was observed that vegetation plays an important role in acting as a biological sink for mineral nutrients, thereby restoring the water quality. It is proposed that restoration of the inundation pattern of floodplains would greatly help in re‐aeration of the overlying water and re‐absorption of pollutants through mud/water exchanges.     

8.4 ka以来纳木错湖芯介形类组合的环境变化意义

A 332-cm long lacustrine core was drilled in the Nam Co in the central-southern part of the Tibetan Plateau. From the core, 15 species of ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda), which belong to 6 genera have been identified. According to the variations of the ostracod assem-blages and the ostracods ecological features, which are sensitive to the changing environ-ment, three main stages can be distinguished as follows: Stage I was from 8400 to 6800 a BP, during which the climate was cold-humid, and the lake depth changed from shallow to deep. Stage II was from 6400 to 2500 a BP, during which the climate changed from warm-humid to cold-humid, and then to cold-dry. The lake depth gradually became deep. The shifting of cli-mate, from wet-cold to dry-cold during this period, had constructed the basis of present en-vironment in the Nam Co. Stage III was from 2500 a BP to the present, which showed a trait of lake depth increasing. At the earlier period of this stage, the climate kept as cold-dry as that in the former stage, but the salinity of the lake increased. At the later period of this stage, the degree of cold-dry was enhanced, and the activities of land surface runoff tended to be weakened. Our research also found that the peak values of ostracods with black shell was coherent with the maximum production of the ostracods, and agreed with the increasing sedimentary water dynamics. This indicated that the ostracods with black shell was simulta-neous with the high prolificacy of ostracod, and transported from other places. The abun-dance of Candona juvenile shells reflected the high mortality of that kind of ostracods under an unfavorable condition. This was probably a result of the rapid change of water dynamics of sedimentary environment.     

都市农业加工型企业的发展机理与模式

都市农业是城市化进程中崭新的农业形态,但缺乏对其组织形式和生产方式的实证研究。本文基于对互润(国际)食品集团的调查实例,详细分析了都市农业加工型企业的成长机理,指出制度平台、政府行为和社区沟通是企业发展的外层机理,是企业平稳运行的基础;生产经营活动及其不断的扩张构成了企业发展的内层机理;创新和企业管理及市场的内、外部控制所形成的内核机理是企业发展的核心动力。据此,文章总结了都市农业加工型企业的发展模式,并就都市农业加工型企业如何发展提出了建议。     

西藏纳木错晚更新世以来湖面变化和湖相沉积中粘土矿物显示的环境信息

通过对西藏海拔最高、面积最大湖泊-纳木错周缘湖相沉积、湖岸堤的野外调查和湖岸阶地的水准测量,发现在纳木错沿岸拔湖48m以下,发育有6级湖岸阶地,拔湖48~139.2m发育有高位湖相沉积。湖相沉积物的同位素测年结果表明,纳木错湖泊发育与藏北高原东南部古大湖演化可划分为3个阶段:①116~37kaB.P.间的古大湖期;②37~30kaB.P.间的外流湖期;③30kaB.P.以来的纳木错期。根据纳木错晚更新世以来湖相沉积中粘土矿物的X光衍射分析结果,以及采用比值法、高岭石法和衍射峰法的研究,探讨了粘土矿物所显示的环境变化信息。粘土矿物成分变化表明,该区已具备了寒温带干旱、半干旱区的气候环境特征。为研究青藏高原的湖泊演化、气候变化、古地理变迁及其隆升过程等提供了新资料。