Characteristics of Gold Mineralization at the Ciurug Vein, Pongkor Gold-Silver Deposit, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. The Pongkor Gold‐Silver Mine, Bogor district, West Java, is approximately 80 km southwest of Jakarta. The gold and silver mineralization in the area is present in a deposit consisting of an epithermal vein‐system named individually as the Pasir Jawa, Gudang Handak, Ciguha, Pamoyanan, Kubang Cicau, and Ciurug veins. In the area studied, rocks of basaltic‐andesitic composition are dominated by volcanic breccia and lapilli tuff, with andesite lava and siltstone present locally. The hydrothermal alteration minerals in the Ciurug area are typical of those formed from acid to near‐neutral pH thermal waters, where the acid alteration is distributed from the surface to shallow depth, while the near‐neutral pH alteration becomes dominant at depths. The Ciurug vein shows four main mineralization stages where each discrete stage is characterized by a specific facies; these are, from early to late: carbonate‐quartz, manganese carbonate‐quartz, banded‐massive quartz and gray sulfide‐quartz facies. The major metallic minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena; they occur in almost each mineralization stage. Bornite was observed only in the southern part of the Ciurug vein at a depth of 515 m, and the occurrence of this mineral is reported here for the first time. Electrum and silver sulfides (mostly acanthite) are minor, whereas silver sulfosalts, stromeyerite and mckinstryite, and covellite are in trace amounts. The silver sulfosalts have compositional ranges of pearceite, antimon‐pearceite and polybasite. Most of the electrum occurs coexisting with other sulfide minerals, as inclusions in pyrite grains, with very little as inclusions in chalcopyrite or sphalerite. Gold grades within the Ciurug vein vary from 1.2 to hundreds of ppm, where the highest gold grade occurs in the latest mineralization stage in a thin sulfide band in vein quartz. Fluid inclusion microthermometry of calcite and quartz indicates deposition throughout the mineralized veins in the range from 170 to 230d?C and from low salinity fluids (predominantly lower than 0.2 wt% NaCl equiv.). Fluid inclusions occur with features of boiling.     

内蒙古拜仁达坝铅-锌-银矿床:元素分带及其成因

内蒙中东部拜仁达坝矿床是一个以石炭纪石英闪长岩及锡林浩特杂岩为赋矿围岩的断裂充填型热液脉状铅-锌-银多金属矿床。矿床分东西两个矿段,拜东矿区1号矿体及拜西矿区3号矿体是矿床的主要矿体。矿体沿着走向方向具有明显的矿化分带特征,锌-铜矿石、锌矿石及铅-锌-银矿石依次从矿化中心向外侧产出。代表性矿体拜东矿区1号矿体的块段金属量、平均品位及元素比值由西向东沿着走向方向显示出明显而系统的变化规律。锌的块段金属量由西向东逐渐减少,铅和银的矿段金属量则先增加后下降;锌的块段平均品位由西向东逐渐降低,铅和银的块段平均品位则先上升随后下降;Ag/Pb值先上升随后下降,Ag/Zn和Pb/Zn值则逐渐上升。这种矿化的分带性可能是成矿热液在中偏高温向低温演化的过程中,沿着矿体的走向方向从矿化中心向外侧运移,在矿体不同位置有选择地将成矿物质卸载的结果。而成矿热液在断裂系统内与不同比例大气水的混合则可能是成矿系统内温度梯度形成的重要原因。矿床中不同位置的矿物组合记录了成矿热液中硫逸度由高向低,pH值由低向高的演化过程。拜仁达坝矿床与邻近的维拉斯托矿床组成了一个由温度场控制的具有明显矿化分带现象的低硫化热液脉状多金属成矿系统。     

南平花岗伟晶岩中的磷酸盐矿物及地球化学演化规律

磷酸盐矿物是稀有金属花岗伟晶岩中最复杂的一组矿物，在中国以南平伟晶岩最为发育，目前已发现至少２２种磷酸盐矿物，其中属我国首次发现的有１４种。这些磷酸盐矿物分别形成于伟晶岩的原始花岗质岩浆结晶分异阶段和残余流体相对已结晶主体进行蚀变交代阶段。早期阶段以矿物数量众多为特征，而晚期则以磷酸盐矿物种类复杂、演化周期长而在国内独树一帜，深入研究这些磷酸盐矿物，对探讨稀有金属花岗伟晶岩的发育历史具有重要意义。     

The morphology and chemistry of K-feldspar megacrysts from Ikizdere Pluton: evidence for acid and basic magma interactions in granitoid rocks, NE-Turkey

Ikizdere Pluton consists of granite, granodiorite, tonalite, monzonite, quartz monzonite containing pinkish colored K-feldspar megacrysts (KFMs). The crystal sizes of the KFMs range from 1 to 4 cm. The lath-shaped megacrysts are uniformly (i.e., randomly) distributed in the host plutonic rocks and have mafic and felsic inclusions whose crystal sizes are smaller than 1 mm. The crystal inclusions are biotite, slightly annitic in composition with X_Mg[=Fe_tot/(Fe_tot+Mg)]=0.50-0.58, amphibole (magnesio-hornblende, X_Mg[=Mg/(Mg+Fe_tot)]=0.70-0.79), iron-titanium oxide (low titanium magnetit and ilmenite), plagioclase (Ab₇₅₋₂₅An₆₅₋₃₅) and as minor quartz. The compositions of the KFMs range from Or₉₅Ab₅An₀ to Or₈₂Ab₁₇An₁. BaO contents of the megacrysts increase from core to rim. The mafic and felsic inclusions are compositionally similar those of the host rocks.The chemical and textural features of K-feldspar are typical for megacrysts that grew as phenocrysts in dynamic granitoidic magma systems. The overgrowth of KFMs and mafic magma injections (magma mixing) may be related to temperature, pressure and compositional fluctuations in the magma chamber. Remnant of earlier formed K-feldspar crystals remain in the felsic magma system, while the mafic injection can decompose some earlier precipitated KFMs. The remnant of K-feldspar remaining after mafic injection are overgrown by rapid diffusion of Ba, K and Na elements in liquid phase, during the later stages of crystallization of the host magma.     

山东后大雪金矿床黄铁矿的成因矿物学研究

对山东后大雪金矿床黄铁矿的成因矿物学研究 ,指出成矿早期黄铁矿富 As、Sb、Au,晶胞大 ,结晶度指数低 ,相对贫 Ti、Mn、Co、Ni,Ag,中期贫 As、Sb,富多金属 ,矿化与早、中期关系密切。据黄铁矿的热电性和微量元素判别指数 ,判断后大雪金矿床 3号脉剥蚀最浅 ,深部矿化较好 ,是本区找矿的重点 ,2号脉剥蚀较深 ,9号脉剥蚀最深     

Origin of Ore-forming Fluids Responsible for Gold Mineralization of the Pongkor Au-Ag Deposit, West Java, Indonesia: Evidence from Mineralogic, Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry and Stable Isotope Study of the Ciurug–Cikoret Veins

The Pongkor gold–silver mine is situated at the northeastern flank of the Bayah dome, which is a product of volcanism in the Sunda–Banda Arc. The hydrothermal alteration minerals in the Ciurug–Cikoret area are typical of those formed from acid to near‐neutral pH thermal waters. On the surface, illite/smectite mixed layer mineral (I/Sm), smectite and kaolinite, and spotting illite, I/Sm and K‐feldspar alteration occur at the top of the mineralized zone. Silicification, K‐feldspar and I/Sm zones are commonly formed in the wall rock, and gradually grade outwards into a propylitic zone. The mineralization of precious metal ore zone is constrained by fluid temperatures between 180 and 220°C, and with low salinity (<0.2 wt% NaCl equivalent) and boiling condition. The minimum depth of vein formation below the paleo‐water table is approximately 90–130 m for the hydrostatic column. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data for quartz and calcite show relatively homogeneous fluid composition (?53 to ?68‰δD and ?5.7 to +0.3‰δ¹⁸O H₂O). There is no specific trend in the data with respect to the mineralization stages and elevation, which suggests that the ore‐forming fluids did not significantly change spatially during the vein formation. The stable isotope data indicate mixing between the hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water and interaction between the hydrothermal fluids and the host rock.     

Metamorphic evolution of diamond-bearing and associated rocks from the Kokchetav Massif, northern Kazakhstan

Representative diamond-bearing gneisses and dolomitic marble, eclogite and Ti-clinohumite-bearing garnet peridotite from Unit I at Kumdy Kol and whiteschist from Unit II at Kulet, eastern Kokchetav Massif, northern Kazakhstan, were studied. Diamond-bearing gneisses contain variable assemblages, including Grt+Bt+Qtz±Pl±Kfs±Zo±Chl±Tur±Cal and minor Ap, Rt and Zrn; abundant inclusions of diamond, graphite+chlorite (or calcite), phengite, clinopyroxene, K-feldspar, biotite, rutile, titanite, calcite and zircon occur in garnet. Diamond-bearing dolomitic marbles consist of Dol+Di±Grt+Phl; inclusions of diamond, dolomite±graphite, biotite, and clinopyroxene were identified in garnet. Whiteschists carry the assemblage Ky+Tlc+Grt+Rt; garnet shows compositional zoning, and contains abundant inclusions of talc, kyanite and rutile with minor phlogopite, chlorite, margarite and zoisite. Inclusions and zoning patterns of garnet delineate the prograde P–T path. Inclusions of quartz pseudomorphs after coesite were identified in garnet from both eclogite and gneiss. Other ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) indicators include Na-bearing garnet (up to 0.14 wt% Na₂O) with omphacitic Cpx in eclogite, occurrence of high-K diopside (up to 1.56 wt% K₂O) and phlogopite in diamond-bearing dolomitic marble, and Cr-bearing kyanite in whiteschist. These UHP rocks exhibit at least three stages of metamorphic recrystallization. The Fe-Mg partitioning between clinopyroxene and garnet yields a peak temperature of 800–1000 °C at P >40 kbar for diamond-bearing rocks, and about 740–780 °C at >28–35 kbar for eclogite, whiteschist and Ti-bearing garnet peridotite. The formation of symplectitic plagioclase+amphibole after clinopyroxene, and replacement of garnet by biotite, amphibole, or plagioclase mark retrograde amphibolite facies recrystallization at 650–680 °C and pressure less than about 10 kbar. The exsolution of calcite from dolomite, and development of matrix chlorite and actinolite imply an even lower grade greenschist facies overprint at c. 420 °C and 2–3 kbar. A clockwise P–T path suggests that supracrustal sediments together with basaltic and ultramafic lenses apparently were subjected to UHP subduction-zone metamorphism within the diamond stability field. Tectonic mixing may have occurred prior to UHP metamorphism at mantle depths. During subsequent exhumation and juxtaposition of many other tectonic units, intense deformation chaotically mixed and mylonitized these lithotectonic assemblages.     

西藏邦铺斑岩型钼铜多金属矿床含钼铜脉石英的激光显微探针~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄及地质意义

采用激光显微探针40Ar/39Ar微区定年方法,对西藏邦铺钼铜多金属矿床中含矿脉石英进行微区年代测定,获得等时线年龄为13.9 Ma±0.9 Ma(MSWD=29),其下限(13 Ma)代表了成矿年龄。该年龄略晚于二长花岗斑岩结晶年龄(13.9 Ma±0.3 Ma,MSWD=3.05),表明邦铺矿床成岩成矿作用是一个连续的岩浆作用过程。同时对冈底斯斑岩铜矿带成岩-成矿年龄进行统计学研究,获得冈底斯斑岩铜矿带成岩-成矿作用高峰期为15 Ma,成岩-成矿年龄线性方程为Y岩=1.291X矿+7.785(R2=0.291),充分说明邦铺矿床与冈底斯斑岩铜矿一样,是一次大规模爆发成矿的过程,成矿事件发生具有高度的统一性与集中性。     

钾长石的热释光特征

本文根据不同产状和不同种类的10块钾长石标本的热释光特性分析表明,钾长石的热释光特性不仅取决于矿物晶体的产状和化学成分。而主要还取决于晶体精细结构的特征。钾长石的热释光特性既有差异又存在许多共性,它们存在共同的高温区热释光峰,矿物自身的内辐射场恒定,同时对β辐射的热释光响应敏灵度很高,对阳光的敏感度也很高,这几点共性正是钾长石可以作为热释光断代的基础。     

新疆阿尔泰南缘托库孜巴依金矿成矿演化：石英脉系、同位素地球化学及其Ar-Ar年代学证据

托库孜巴依金矿区赋存于玛尔卡库里大型韧性剪切带及其次级构造中,含矿构造演化经历了5个主要变形阶段:D1推覆挤压变形与紧闭褶皱,D2左行走滑韧性剪切带,D3造山带的抬升与脆-韧性变形,D4伸展体制下的张性构造,伴生有多金属硫化物-石英脉充填与闪长岩脉贯入;D5晚期近东西向及北西向等多组压扭或张扭性次级断裂。相应地,在构造变形过程中形成一系列形态和矿物组合各异的石英脉,初步划分出8种脉系、4个主要成矿阶段,识别出两个主要成矿事件:①与脆-韧性剪切作用有关的含金黄铁矿-石英脉,②与走滑-伸展转换体制有关的含金多金属-石英脉。氢、氧同位素研究结果显示从早阶段向晚阶段,成矿流体由以变质热液为主向以大气降水为主的方向演化,硫同位素主要为深源硫特征,铅同位素分析结果显示来源于造山带和上地幔之间,并向造山带演化,且与阿舍勒铜矿的围岩和矿石有一定的成因联系,说明早期的火山作用对成矿有一定的贡献。对构造变形形成的黑云母进行Ar-Ar法定年,获得黑云母的坪年龄为(269.94±2.54)Ma,反等时线年龄为(269.38±2.63)Ma,结合已发表的年龄数据,该矿床可能由两个成矿事件形成,分别为290Ma左右和270Ma左右,对应于额尔齐斯构造带的两幕变形,早期主要与其大规模左行走滑有关,而第二成矿事件可能与后碰撞走滑-伸展转换体制有关。