热对流成岩作用的基本特征与研究意义

介绍了热对流产生的条件与地质背景,指出火成侵入体、盐丘和活跃断层周围等温线陡倾斜场所易发生热对流成岩作用。综述了岩浆成因热对流的岩石学记录,包括热变质作用、突然升温—逐渐降温的自生矿物组合和相对高温的自生矿物类型,分析了自生伊利石的K/Ar年龄在热对流成岩作用研究中的作用。阐述了热对流成岩作用对盆地动力学、砂岩储层和油气运移研究的意义。     

Soil characteristics in Doon Valley (north west Himalaya,India) by inversion of H/V spectral ratios from ambient noise measurements

Past and recent observations have shown that the local site conditions significantly affect the behavior of seismic waves and its potential to cause destructive earthquakes. Thus, seismic microzonation studies have become crucial for seismic hazard assessment, providing local soil characteristics that can help to evaluate the possible seismic effects. Among the different methods used for estimating the soil characteristics, the ones based on ambient noise measurements, such as the H/V technique, become a cheap, non-invasive and successful way for evaluating the soil properties along a studied area.In this work, ambient noise measurements were taken at 240 sites around the Doon Valley, India, in order to characterize the sediment deposits. First, the H/V analysis has been carried out to estimate the resonant frequencies along the valley. Subsequently, some of this H/V results have been inverted, using the neighborhood algorithm and the available geotechnical information, in order to provide an estimation of the S-wave velocity profiles at the studied sites.Using all these information, we have characterized the sedimentary deposits in different areas of the Doon Valley, providing the resonant frequency, the soil thickness, the mean S-wave velocity of the sediments, and the mean S-wave velocity in the uppermost 30 m.     

Mid-late Holocene anthropogenic and natural variations in geochemistry and sedimentation in the Yazoo Basin: Clark Lake,Sharkey County,Mississippi

A 4000-yr history at Clark Lake reveals natural variations in sediment geochemistry and nutrient levels and anthropogenic influence on twentieth century sedimentation rates. Sediment texture and ridge and swale topography indicate that the channel system creating Clark Lake is now occupied by the Yazoo River. Between 1.24 and 0.60 m (2522–865 cal yr BP), total carbon percentages and the C/N ratio average 42% and 17, respectively. The base of the 1650-yr interval and onset of high organic activity in the lake coincides with the abandonment of the Yazoo Meander Belt. The top of the interval is marked by a drop in C/N ratio to 11 and a geochemical transition zone. No change in the rate of sediment accumulation or clay mineralogy was observed despite increased cumulative percentages of Al, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ca, and Na. The decrease in organic activity at 865 cal yr BP is attributed to unfavorable growth conditions related to the entrenchment of the Yazoo River and changes in the hydroperiod of the area. Significant floodplain alteration was completed in 1978, but the only major effect was increased sedimentation in the late twentieth century due to the completion of the Whittington Auxiliary Channel.     

VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER HEIGHT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH PM2.5 CONCENTRATION OVER CHINA

The planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) was calculated using the radiosonde sounding data, including 120 L-band operational sites and 8 GPS sites in China. The diurnal and seasonal variations of PBLH were analyzed using radiosonde sounding (OBS-PBLH) and ERA data (ERA-PBLH). Based on comparison and error analyses, we discussed the main error sources in these data. The frequency distributions of PBLH variations under different regimes (the convective boundary layer, the neutral residual layer, and the stable boundary layer) can be well fitted by a Gamma distribution and the shape parameter k and scale parameter s values were obtained for different regions of China. The variation characteristics of PBLH were found in summer under these three regimes for different regions. The relationships between PBLH and PM2.5 concentration generally follow a power law under very low or no precipitation conditions in the region of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei in summer. The results usually deviated from this power distribution only under strong precipitation or high relative humidity conditions because of the effects of hygroscopic growth of aerosols or wet deposition. The OBS-PBLH provided a reasonable spatial distribution relative to ERA-PBLH. This indicates that OBS-PBLH has the potential for identifying the variation of PM2.5 concentration.     

新一代天气雷达超级单体风暴中气旋特征分析

超级单体风暴常伴随着冰雹、雷雨大风等强对流天气,最本质的特征是有一持久深厚的几千米尺度的涡旋——中气旋。利用2003--2009年福建龙岩新一代天气雷达观测到的32次超级单体风暴,分析了超级单体风暴中气旋的时空分布、结构特征以及旋转速度大小、中气旋顶和底的高度、伸长厚度以及切变值等特征量。结果表明：90％以上的超级单体中尺度气旋是与冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等强对流天气相联系的。统计8次有详细灾情的雷雨大风或冰雹天气过程发现,中气旋强度不断加强,中气旋厚度加大,最强切变中心突降时将产生大风或冰雹等强对流天气。     

利用MODIS/LST产品分析基准气候站环境代表性

该文基于2001—2007年地表温度遥感反演产品 (MOD11A2),以基准气候站对其周围不同大小窗口内地表温度距平序列的解释方差作为度量,评估了我国142个基准气候站的环境代表性,并将代表性与土地覆盖和高程状况进行相关研究。结果显示：以解释方差大于0.75作为区分是否具有代表性的阈值,约41%的站点代表性较好,代表区域范围可超过51×51 km2,多分布于北方地区;约21%的站点代表性较差,代表区域范围不足7×7 km2,多分布于南方地区;其他代表区域范围居中的站点在南、北方均有分布;站点周围的土地覆盖多样性和地形起伏度与站点代表性存在负相关,且相关性随窗口的增大而加强。文中还评估了基准气候站对所属气候区的代表性,发现在气候特征复杂的西南地区和新疆部分地区,站点对气候区的代表性较差。     

1979~2005年青藏高原位势高度场变化趋势的时空特征

利用NCEP/NCAR位势高度再分析资料分析了1979~2005年青藏高原及其邻近地区30hPa、100hPa、300hPa和500hPa位势高度场变化趋势的时空特征。研究表明:(1)1979~2005年青藏高原区域平均位势高度场在对流层中层存在上升趋势,且主要发生在冷半年;随着等压面的升高,高度场上升趋势减弱;到平流层高度场呈显著降低趋势,且主要发生在暖半年。(2)从空间上看,平流层位势高度场年平均变化整体呈显著降低趋势,大致呈纬向分布,南部降低趋势强于北部,特别是高原东南、孟加拉湾北部降低趋势最强;对流层中层位势高度场变化趋势以上升为主,高原东北部上升趋势尤其显著。(3)尽管与高原各层位势高度值本身相比,变化趋势是一个小量,但国内外不同区域及不同空间尺度的研究都发现有类似现象,故对此应给予重视。今后应进一步加强青藏高原位势高度场时空变化趋势的驱动机制、影响及其对全球变暖的区域响应研究。(4)1979年以来NCEP/NCAR位势高度再分析资料用于青藏高原及其邻近地区的气候变化研究是有效的。     

基于六角格的陆地边界环境模型构建方法研究

陆地边界环境是边界划界与边界区域分析的基础,是关系到国家利益的重要内容。然而,国内外对相关技术的研究却不多,研究成果更少。针对这一问题,本文分析了陆地边界环境的具体内容,提出了基于六角格的陆地边界环境模型,探讨了模型的构建流程,研究了建模过程中的几项关键技术,包括数学基础的确定、区域剖分技术、区域细分技术及信息映射方法等。最后对模型技术进行了总结,展望了其实际应用前景。     

基于目标分割和景观格局特征的城市土地利用分类

根据相同土地利用类型景观格局特征相似的原理,在传统遥感分类方法的基础上,结合景观生态学理论,建立了土地利用分类新方法; 应用SPOT遥感图像提取了北京市五环内的居民用地和非居民用地类型,总分类精度达到了85.9%,Kappa系数为71.1%.本研究结合学科交叉的优势,为遥感技术应用和土地利用信息提取提供了新思路.