Dehydration experiments on natural omphacites: qualitative and quantitative characterization by various spectroscopic methods

A series of natural omphacites from a wide range of P, T occurrences were investigated by electron microprobe (EMP), infrared (IR)-, Mössbauer (MS)- and optical spectroscopy in the UV/VIS spectral range (UV/VIS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and single crystal structure refinement by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the influence of hydrogen loss on valence state and site occupancies of iron. In accordance with literature data we found Fe²⁺ at M1 as well as at M2, and in a first approach assigned Fe³⁺ to M1, as indicated by MS and XRD results. Hydrogen content of three of our omphacite samples were measured by SIMS. In combination with IR spectroscopy we determined an absorption coefficient: ε _i,tot = 65,000 ± 3,000 lmol_H2O ^?1 cm^?2. Using this new ε _i,tot value, we obtained water concentrations ranging from 60 to 700 ppm H₂O (by weight). Hydrogen loss was simulated by stepwise heating the most water rich samples in air up to 800°C. After heat treatment the samples were analyzed again by IR, MS, UV/VIS, and XRD. Depending on the type of the OH defect, the grade of dehydration with increasing temperature is significantly different. In samples relatively poor in Fe³⁺ (<0.1 Fe³⁺ pfu), hydrogen associated with vacancies at M2 (OH bands around 3,450 cm^?1) starts to leave the structure at about 550°C and is completely gone at 780°C. Hydrogen associated with Al³⁺ at the tetrahedral site (OH bands around 3,525 cm^?1, Koch-Müller et al., Am Mineral, 89:921–931, 2004) remains completely unaffected by heat treatment up to 700°C. But all hydrogen vanished at about 775°C. However, this is different for a more Fe³⁺-rich sample (0.2 Fe³⁺ pfu). Its IR spectrum is characterized by a very intense OH band at 3,515 cm^?1 plus shoulder at 3,450 cm^?1. We assign this intense high-energy band to vibrations of an OH dipole associated with Fe³⁺ at M1 and a vacancy either at M1 or M2. OH release during heating is positively correlated with decrease in Fe²⁺ and combined with increase in Fe³⁺. That dehydration is correlated with oxidation of Fe²⁺ is indirectly confirmed by annealing of one sample in a gas mixing furnace at 700°C under reducing conditions keeping almost constant OH^? content and giving no indication of Fe²⁺-oxidation. Obtained data indicate that in samples with a relatively high concentration of Fe²⁺ at M2 and low-water concentrations, i.e., at a ratio of Fe^{2+ M2}/H > 10 dehydration occurs by iron oxidation of Fe²⁺ exclusively at the M2 site following the reaction: \( {\left[ {{\text{Fe}}^{{{\text{2 + [ M2]}}}}{\text{OH}}^{ - } } \right]} = {\left[ {{\text{Fe}}^{{{\text{3 + [ M2]}}}} {\text{O}}^{{{\text{2}} - }} } \right]} + {\text{1/2}}\;{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} \uparrow . \) In samples having relatively low concentration of Fe²⁺ at M2 but high-water concentrations, i.e., ratio of Fe^{2+ M2}/H < 5.0 dehydration occurs through oxidation of Fe²⁺ at M1.     

High stress late Maastrichtian – early Danian palaeoenvironment in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina

During the late Maastrichtian to early Danian the Neuquén Basin of Argentina was adjacent to an active volcanic arc to the west and an extensive land area to the northeast. Mineralogical and geochemical studies of the Bajada del Jagüel in the Neuquén Basin indicate a generally warm climate with seasonal changes in humidity and an open seaway to the South Atlantic that maintained marine conditions. Biostratigraphic and quantitative foraminiferal and nannofossil analyses indicate that sediment deposition during the late Maastrichtian (zones CF4-CF2, N. frequens) occurred in relatively shallow middle neritic (100 m) depths with largely dysaerobic bottom waters (abundant low O₂ tolerant benthics) and fluctuating sea level. Calcareous nannofossils indicate a high stress marine environment dominated by Micula decussata. Planktic foraminifera mimic the post-K/T high stress environment with alternating blooms of the disaster opportunists Guembelitria and low oxygen tolerant Heterohelix groups, indicating nutrient-rich surface waters and an oxygen depleted water column. The high stress conditions were probably driven by high nutrient influx due to upwelling and terrestrial and volcanic influx. The K/T boundary is marked by an erosional surface that marks a hiatus at the base of a 15-25 cm thick volcaniclastic sandstone, which contains diverse planktic foraminiferal zone P1c assemblages and nannofossils of zone NP1b immediately above it. This indicates deposition of the sandstone occurred 500 ky after the K/T hiatus. No evidence of the Chicxulub impact or related tsunami deposition was detected.     

基于自适应时序剖分与KNN的短时交通流量预测

在智能交通系统中,准确和高效的短时交通流量预测是交通诱导、管理和控制的前提。由于交通流量动态变化中表现出的时变性和非平稳性特征,其预测难度较大,是交通领域中亟待解决的难题。为提高短时交通流量的预测精度,本文设计与实现了基于自适应时序剖分与KNN（A-TS-KNN）的短时交通流量预测算法。① 基于动态时间规整（Dynamic Time Warping,DTW）动态剖分单日时序为不同的交通模式;② 在不同交通模式,采用互信息法求解每个预测时刻时间延迟的最大阈值,构造不同时间延迟的状态向量,生成交通流量历史数据库;③ 采用十次十折交叉验证的方法求解每个时刻不同时间延迟与不同K值的正交误差结果分布,提取误差最小的正交结果,得到自适应时间延迟与K值的参数组合;④ 采用K个最相似的近邻的距离倒数加权值作为预测结果。对比K近邻（K-nearest neighbors, KNN）、支持向量回归（Support vector regression,SVR）、长短期记忆神经网络（Long-short term memory neural network,LSTM）以及门控递归单元神经网络（Gate recurrent unit neural network,GRU）共4种主流预测模型,A-TS-KNN算法预测精度显著提升;将A-TS-KNN算法用于福州市城市路网中其他交叉路口的短时交通流量预测,结果表现出良好的泛化能力。     

城市复杂环境下GNSS/INS组合导航算法研究

针对城市环境下GNSS车辆导航存在卫星信号易受影响的问题,利用GNSS/INS组合算法提高复杂环境下城市车辆定位性能。基于城市环境下实测GNSS数据评估分析定位结果,使用GNSS/INS组合的常规卡尔曼滤波算法实现卫星失锁区域导航。同时,提出一种基于新息的自适应卡尔曼滤波算法,可有效增强卫星数较少及信号干扰严重区域的车辆导航定位能力。该方法利用量测与预测的关系构造自适应因子,改善定位精度。结果表明,常规卡尔曼滤波可在20 s卫星信号失锁情况下保证亚m级导航精度,自适应卡尔曼滤波算法在卫星信号受到严重干扰时,其定位精度相比于常规卡尔曼滤波算法提高30%,可满足在城市复杂环境下的高精度、高可靠性车辆导航定位服务需求。     

Population dynamics, socioeconomic change and land colonization in northern Jordan, with special reference to the Badia Research and Development Project area

The paper reports on preliminary observations from northern Jordan aimed at testing the view that people migrate from areas of relatively high potential for cultivation to the marginal semi-arid/arid frontier because of social differentiation, political factors or environmental constraints. Cultivated areas have been mapped from multi-date remotely sensed imagery, a typology of fields in the area has been constructed, and their dynamics between 1972 and 1992 analysed. In addition, semi-structured interviews with farmers attempted to understand the reasoning behind village growth, changing farming systems and cultivation practices. The findings are discussed in the context of the area's demography and national and regional shifts in economic policy.     

The evolutionary status of HD 104237, ε Cha and HD 100546

Using the new data from Hipparcos and the TD-1 UV data, we fix the positions of three objects, HD 104237, HD 100546 and ε Cha in the HR diagram and discuss their theoretical evolutionary status.     

The Leonid meteor storms of 1833 and 1966

The greatest Leonid meteor storms since the late eighteenth century are generally regarded as being those of 1833 and 1966. They were evidently due to dense meteoroid concentrations within the Leonid stream. At those times, the orbit of Comet 55P/Tempel–Tuttle was significantly nearer that of the Earth than at most perihelion returns, but still some tens of Earth radii away. Significantly reducing this miss distance can be critical for producing a storm. Evaluation of differential gravitational perturbations, comparing meteoroids with the comet, shows that, in 1833 and 1966 respectively, the Earth passed through meteoroid trails generated at the 1800 and 1899 returns.     

HD 104237,εCha和HD 100546的演化状态

根据Ｈｉｐｐａｒｃｏｓ的资料和ＴＤ－１对εＣｈａ和ＨＤ１００５４６的紫外观测资料讨论了εＣｈａ、ＨＤ１０４２３７和ＨＤ１００５４６在赫罗图上的位置以及它们的演化状态．     

撞击事件诱发核反应热力学过程及其在事件地质学研究中的意义

摘要：从大规模撞击事件的基本动力学和热力学公式推导出发,讨论了白垩纪－第三纪界线（Ｋ／Ｔ界线）事件能量随时间的释放过程,并对发生热核聚变反应的条件进行了分析。最后,还对其可能的事件地质学意义进行了讨论．     

从来克丁物质与微生物相互作用看水产无脊椎动物对疾病的防御活动

本文从水产无脊椎动物与环境的关系论述其来克丁物质的功能;来克丁与微生物间的相互作用包括相互作用中有关来克丁、微生物种类,作用部位和作用物质等。从来克丁在水产无脊椎动物识别外来物质,包括抵御病原体的作用看,健康发展的水产业之一项关键任务便是认识和掌握来克丁在御防病害活动中的机理。