Local relief and the height of Mount Olympus

A three‐dimensional assessment of the net volume of rock differentially eroded from below mountain tops to form valleys yields a range‐wide constraint on feedback between valley development and the height of mountain peaks. The ‘superelevation’ of mountain peaks potentially attributable to differential removal of material from below peaks in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, was constrained by fitting a smoothed surface to the highest elevation points on a 30 m grid digital elevation model of the range. High elevation areas separate into two primary areas: one centred on Mount Olympus in the core of the range and the other at the eastern end of the range. The largest valleys, and hence areas with the greatest volume of differentially eroded material, surround Mount Olympus. In contrast, the highest mean elevations concentrate in the eastern end of the range. Calculation of the isostatic rebound at Mount Olympus attributable to valley development ranges from 500 to 750 m (21 to 32 per cent of its height) for a 5 to 10 km effective elastic thickness of the crust. Comparison of cross‐range trends in mean and maximum elevation reveals that this calculated rebound for Mount Olympus corresponds well with its ‘superelevation’ above the general cross‐range trend in mean elevation. It therefore appears that the location of the highest peak in the Olympics is controlled by the deep valleys excavated in the centre of the range. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长江中下游成矿带宣城矿集区重磁场特征与找矿启示

宣城矿集区位于长江中下游成矿带东段的安徽省南陵-宣城盆地,是长江中下游成矿带新一轮找矿工作的重点勘查区。为查明成矿深部背景,发掘成矿潜力,亟待了解深部结构特征。本文使用地面测量1：25 000重力和1：10 000磁力数据,通过重磁场分离和密度、磁化强度三维反演,结合岩矿石的密度、磁化率等物性测量结果,以及区域地质和矿床资料,以期揭示深部构造及与成矿关系。研究结果表明,新河庄背斜、陈家湾向斜、马山埠背斜和昆山向斜等褶皱构造横向上剩余密度正负差异显著呈相间分布的深部特征,垂向上褶皱构造的最大深度约为2 km;在褶皱构造下方分布北西浅、往南东逐渐加深的低密度、低磁性层,推测可能为研究区内茅山-九连山推覆构造的滑脱面。马山埠背斜轴部花岗闪长斑岩附近的重高磁高组合异常是铜山-荞麦山矽卡岩型矿床的找矿线索,然而成矿岩体规模较小,深部磁化强度弱,马山埠背斜附近深部找矿潜力有限。茶亭矿区呈重高磁高组合异常特征,同时成矿的石英闪长玢岩岩体与围岩灰岩、上覆火山岩磁性差异明显,这些特征是重要的找矿线索。文章研究结果证实,茶亭下方-400~-1900 m磁化强度正异常区域对应茶亭铜金矿床,这为在研究区其他地点深部进一步寻找斑岩型、隐爆角砾岩型铜金矿床提供了地球物理依据。     

长江中下游成矿带玢岩铁矿研究新进展及对矿床成因的启示

长江中下游成矿带的宁芜和庐枞火山岩盆地中发育了大量与早白垩世(约130 Ma)陆相火山-侵入岩有关的玢岩铁矿。这类矿床的特征为具有磁铁矿-磷灰石-阳起石(透辉石)矿物组合,在国际上一般被称为铁氧化物-磷灰石型(Iron Oxide-Apatite, IOA)或基鲁纳型(Kiruna-type)矿床。玢岩铁矿的概念自20世纪70年代提出以来,其成因就一直存在争议,主要有矿浆、岩浆热液及矿浆-热液过渡的观点。近年来的高精度年代学揭示出宁芜和庐枞盆地内玢岩铁矿在约130 Ma集中爆发成矿。矿物学、岩石学及地球化学的综合研究表明成矿物质主要来源于次火山岩体,且成矿早期流体具有高温(550~780 ℃)和超高盐度(可达90% NaCl_eq)的特点。这些特点与成矿岩体及周围火山岩在成矿早阶段发育大规模钠质蚀变相吻合;但同时S-Sr等同位素和流体包裹体成分分析表明在铁成矿过程中还有外来壳源(如膏盐层物质)流体的加入。一些研究工作还表明玢岩铁矿与夕卡岩型铁矿具有相似的热液蚀变演化过程,暗示两者或许存在某些成因联系,很可能是相似流体与不同性质围岩及在不同温度下水岩交代产物。这些新的证据为探讨玢岩铁矿的成矿作用过程和成因机制提供了新的制约,也带来了新问题。本文从成岩成矿年代学、成矿物质来源、成矿早期流体性质、玢岩铁矿与夕卡岩铁矿及其外围新发现的金铜矿化的成因联系等角度,对近年来长江中下游成矿带玢岩铁矿研究的主要新进展进行初步总结。当前IOA型矿床的成因研究成为国际上矿床学研究的一个热点,除了长期争论的矿浆成因和岩浆热液成因,最近提出多个了岩浆-热液复合成矿模型,如岩浆磁铁矿-气泡悬浮模型及富水铁熔体的上升、脱气和侵位成因模型。将IOA型矿床成因争论的焦点逐渐聚焦在岩浆到岩浆后(岩浆热液)阶段,铁质究竟是以含铁岩浆热液、铁矿浆 (Fe-O或P-Ca-Fe-O),还是岩浆磁铁矿微晶或其他未知的形式来富集成矿的,还有待进一步研究,文章对以上的新模型进行简要介绍和评述,并与长江中下游的矿床进行对比。     

Mapping irrigated agriculture in complex landscapes using SPOT6 imagery and object-based image analysis – A case study in the Central Rift Valley,Ethiopia –

Irrigation infrastructure development for smallholder farmers in developing countries increasingly gains attention in the light of domestic food security and poverty alleviation. However, these complex landscapes with small cultivated plots pose a challenge with regard to mapping and monitoring irrigated agriculture. This study presents an object-based approach to map irrigated agriculture in an area in the Central Rift Valley in Ethiopia using SPOT6 imagery. The study is a proof-of-concept that the use of shape, texture, neighbour and location information next to spectral information is beneficial for the classification of irrigated agriculture. The underlying assumption is that the application of irrigation has a positive effect on crop growth throughout the field, following the field's borders, which is detectable in an object-based approach. The type of agricultural system was also mapped, distinguishing smallholder farming and modern large-scale agriculture. Irrigated agriculture was mapped with an overall accuracy of 94% and a kappa coefficient of 0.85. Producer's and user's accuracies were on average 90.6% and 84.2% respectively. The distinction between smallholder farming and large-scale agriculture was identified with an overall accuracy of 95% and a kappa coefficient of 0.88. The classifications were performed at the field level, since the segmentation was able to adequately delineate individual fields. The additional use of object features proved essential for the identification of cropland plots, irrigation period and type of agricultural system. This method is independent of expert knowledge on crop phenology and absolute spectral values. The proposed method is useful for the assessment of spatio-temporal dynamics of irrigated (smallholder) agriculture in complex landscapes and yields a basis for land and water managers on agricultural water use.     

Morphology and controlling factors of step-pools in rills based on field investigation in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley,China

Rill erosion is well developed in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley. The appearance of step-pools in rills (SPRs) is an early stage of erosion and necessary condition for rill development. We measured length, width, depth of plunge pools, and length, height, and slope of step walls. We observed the developmental environment of every SPR in the field. Through research on relationships among SPR parameters, morphological characteristics, and control factors, we conclude that (1) correlations of step slope with pool length and width, and of step length with pool width are not evident (p > 0.1); correlations of pool length with step height and length are evident (p < 0.1); correlations of step slope with pool depth, and of step height with pool width are significant (p < 0.05); and correlations of pool depth with step length and height are highly significant (p < 0.01). Plunge-pool length is affected by soil properties and step height, but not by step gradient. (2) SPR formation shows a coupling effect of a single factor or many factors, such as terrain conditions, vegetation, confluence area, soil properties, and boundary conditions, and the shapes and scales of SPRs notably change with differences of the main control factors.     

Plant species diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Bhabha Valley in western Himalaya

The present study highlights the rich species diversity of higher plants in the Bhabha Valley of western Himalaya in India. The analysis of species diversity revealed that a total of 313 species of higher plants inhabit the valley with a characteristic of moist alpine shrub vegetation. The herbaceous life forms dominate and increase with increasing altitude. The major representations are from the families Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae and Poaceae, suggesting thereby the alpine meadow nature of the study area. The effect of altitude on species diversity displays a hump-shaped curve which may be attributed to increase in habitat diversity at the median ranges and relatively less habitat diversity at higher altitudes. The anthropogenic pressure at lower altitudes results in low plant diversity towards the bottom of the valley with most of the species being exotic in nature. Though the plant diversity is less at higher altitudinal ranges, the uniqueness is relatively high with high species replacement rates. More than 90 % of variability in the species diversity could be explained using appropriate quantitative and statistical analysis along the altitudinal gradient. The valley harbours 18 threatened and 41 endemic species, most of which occur at higher altitudinal gradients due to habitat specificity.     

Spatial Variability of Mass Movements in the Satluj Valley,Himachal Pradesh during 1990～2006

Satluj Valley is known to have a history of landslides and related mass movement activities since the geological times.Geological and geomorphological settings combined with anthropogenic activities constitute a propensity towards slope failure.During the last two decades.the area witnessed substantial increase in athropogenic pressure,mainly due to the exploitation of hydropower potential,changing landuse pattern and population growth.In addition,a shift of the climatic Datterns in the form of larger area falling under the influence of rains was observed.These natural as well as anthropogenic changes in the area have resulted in increased spatial coverage of landslide in the area.This paper documents these changes during 1990～2006.     

九寨沟黄龙地区两条新的科考生态旅游线

四沟、红星岩两条旅游线,长约１０８ｋｍ,旅游资源丰富,品位高,类型齐全,计有地质地貌类、水域类、生物类、气象气景类和人文景观类等５大类,并对其进行了初步评价,提出了开发建议的设想。两条旅游线的发现,为九寨沟黄龙两个风景区之间架起了一个科考、生态旅游桥梁。     

汉水流域核心-边缘结构的演变

流域空间结构研究是空间结构理论研究的深化,是基于具体区域类型的空间结构理论研究的尝试。可以说,流域空间结构的研究开辟了区域空间结构研究新的分支方向,是空间结构理论研究的一次发展和推动。文章以历史为主线,从中心城市的变迁、人口密度和城镇密度的变化来探讨汉水流域核心边缘结构的演变过程：先秦两汉时期,南阳盆地是汉水流域的核心区（南阳是汉水流域的政治经济中心和最大的城市）,下游地区为边缘区;到唐宋时期,襄宜平原取而代之（襄樊成为全流域最重要的中心城市）;明代后期,汉口崛起,并很快发展成为包括汉水流域在内的长江中游地区乃至更大范围内的中心城市,因而下游地区理当为流域核心区,这时南阳退为边缘区。同时也指出影响流域结构演变因素主要为自然和技术因素、区位条件、历史背景、生产力的发展和社会的进步等因素。     

青海省河湟谷地地质灾害易发性评价

地处青藏高原东北缘的黄河与湟水谷地,由于剧烈的地质活动、 较大高差与强烈水力作用等,使得地质灾害非常频繁,为明确该区域的地灾易发性区划,选取地貌、坡度、坡高、植被、岩性、降雨量和距断层、距河流、距道路等因子构建评价指标体系,采用信息量模型计算崩塌、滑坡、泥石流及其综合地质灾害易发性指数,将研究区地质灾害易发性划分为极高...