三角高程法跨海高程传递实验及应用

针对海上恶劣的气候环境和不利的观测条件致使长距离跨海高程传递测量难度加大的问题,该文设计了一套基于全站仪三角高程法的跨海高程传递测量技术方法,并在4.3km跨距的跨海场地上进行实验,实验结果达到国家二等水准测量的精度要求。该方法已应用于港珠澳大桥跨海高程传递中,目前已完成30跨次的跨海高程测量,测量成果全部达到二等跨河水准测量的精度要求;路线总长约45.7km的全桥跨海高程贯通测量高差与陆域一等水准测量高差的互差仅为24.8mm,小于二等检测限差(40.56mm)。实验研究及工程应用分析结果表明,全站仪三角高程法适用于10km以内跨距的跨海高程传递,成果精度可达国家二等水准测量标准。     

圆板结构周向表面裂纹识别的振动功率流方法

从结构噪声的观点,利用振动功率流方法对圆板在集中力作用下的周向表面裂纹进行了诊断研究。周向表面裂纹模拟为转动弹簧,利用断裂力学的有关理论得到其转动刚度。在高频情况下,研究了圆板在中心受集中载荷作用下的弯曲波运动以及输入的振动功率流,分析了振动功率流与破损位置及其特征尺寸的关系,从而可进行有效的破损诊断。     

Effects of potassium sulfide content in marine diesel fuel oil on emission characteristics of marine furnaces under varying humidity of inlet air

Degraded fuel oils are generally used in marine power plants for economic purposes, so as to reduce operating expenses. These marine fuel oils commonly contain various oxides or sulfide compounds of metallic elements in the fuel ash, and affect the combustion and emission characteristics of marine power plants to different extents. Moreover, marine power plants are more often operated in a highly humid environment. As a result the emission and burning process may also be altered by the various humidity level of the inlet air. The effects of potassium sulfide in marine diesel on the combustion and emission characteristics of marine furnaces under varying levels of relative humidity of inlet air were experimentally investigated in this study. A cylindrical industrial furnace made of AISI 316 stainless steel, and an automatic oil-fired burner were used for the emission characteristics measurements and observation. A mechanically homogenizing machine was used to stir potassium sulfide (K₂SO₄) powder and marine diesel with a preset K₂SO₄ concentration. The relative humidity of the inlet air and temperature were adjusted to their assigned values by a large-size air conditioner before being pumped into the burner. The marine diesel oil mixture was atomized by the inlet air consequently ignited by an electrode and then burned within the horizontal furnace. There were eight rectangular slots cut in the upper portion of the furnace wall so that the probes of a gas analyzer and a thermocouple could be inserted into radial positions in the cylindrical furnace. The concentrations of gas emission and burning gas temperature and the combustion efficiency were analyzed. The experimental results show that the burning gas temperature, carbon dioxide emission and combustion efficiency decreased when the concentrations of excess air and oxygen emission increased with the addition of potassium sulfide in the marine diesel fuel. This is primarily attributed to the fact that the sulfide of an alkali compound such as K₂SO₄ may suppress the oxidation reaction process, leading to inferior combustion characteristics.     

海底设施的电力供应及其对潜水员水下作业安全的影响

海底结构设施的电力供应是海洋工程的一个重要方面。本文通过对海底阴极保护系统、水下油气生产装置，以及大功率海底电缆的电气特征分析，探讨了这些海底用电结构对潜水员水下作业安全的影响及其防电击基本对策，以供制定有关“潜水员水下用电安全”技术标准规范及操作规程时参考和借鉴     

The Bremen ocean bottom tiltmeter (OBT) – a technical article on a new instrument to monitor deep sea floor deformation and seismicity level

The Bremen ocean bottom tiltmeter is a new 6000 m-depth deep sea instrument for autonomous observation of sea floor tilt with signal periods longer than 7.5 s. The instrument also records vertical acceleration in the frequency range from DC to 1 Hz. The tiltmeter has an Applied Geomechanics Inc. 756 wide angle biaxial bubble tilt sensor with a resolution of 1.0μ rad (0.2 arc second). A Kistler Corp. MEMS accelerometer of type Servo K-Beam 8330A2.5 with about 10⁻⁵m/s² resolution is used for the acceleration measurements. An Oceanographic Embedded Systems AD24 24 bit Sigma-Delta converter, which is controlled by a low-power Persistor Inc. embedded computer system of type CF 2, samples the data. The duration of tiltmeter operation is more than one year, which is controlled by the battery life. In our design the tiltmeter does not need active leveling devices, i.e., servo motors or other moving components to adjust sensors or frame. We designed the instrument for deployments by means of a remote operated vehicle. Since May 2005 the Bremen ocean bottom tiltmeter has recorded sea floor deformation and seismicity level in the Logatchev hydrothermal vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The tiltmeter is a part of the monitoring system of project ‘Logatchev Long-Term Environmental Monitoring,’ called LOLEM, of the German research program with the name ‘Schwerpunktprogramm 1144: Vom Mantel zum Ozean.’     

核电站温排水对大亚湾鲷科鱼卵、仔鱼分布的影响

在广东大亚湾核电站温排水排放前、后，自１９９３年１月２０日至１９９５年２月２８日对该站附近水域１４个站位共进行６个航次的采样调查，收集鲷科鱼卵、仔鱼样本和同一站位的水温资料。结果表明，各站位的绸科鱼卵、仔鱼的分布在温排水排放前、后与水温变化密切相关。水域升温２—８℃对鲷科鱼类的产卵、孵化和仔鱼生长发育有明显的影响。鉴于目前升温水域范围只限在２ｎｍｉｌｅ内，可以认为整个大亚湾鲷科鱼类的资源和补充尚未受到较大的影响。     

吴淞站潮位数据的小波检验和调整

上海吴淞站是我国沿海地区记录最长的验潮站之一。通过对吴淞站和黄浦公园站的潮位数据的对比分析,揭示出1952年之前数据存在着系统偏差。并通过小波分析方法获得了序列变化的突变点在1929年和1951年,进而对吴淞月均潮位数据分3个时段进行了调整。在此基础上,对吴淞站1937年9月~1943年12月间缺失数据采用回归模型进行了插补。这一检验定位和调整的思路可供吴淞站和其他存在数据瑕疵的长序列潮位数据分析利用研究借鉴。     

Simultaneous Measurement of Hydrogen Peroxide and Fe Species (Fe(II) and Fe<Subscript>(tot)</Subscript>) in Okinawa Island Seawater: Impacts of Red Soil Pollution

The northern part of Okinawa Island suffers from red soil pollution—runoff of red soil into coastal seawater—which damages coastal ecosystems and scenery. To elucidate the impacts of red soil pollution on the oxidizing power of seawater, hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) and iron species including Fe(II) and total iron (Fe_(tot), defined as the sum of Fe(II) and Fe(III)) were measured simultaneously in seawater from Taira Bay (red-soil-polluted sea) and Sesoko Island (unpolluted sea), off the northern part of Okinawa Island, Japan. We performed simultaneous measurements of HOOH and Fe(II) because the reaction between HOOH and Fe(II) forms hydroxyl radical (•OH), the most potent environmental oxidant. Gas-phase HOOH concentrations were also measured to better understand the sources of HOOH in seawater. Both HOOH and Fe(II) in seawater showed a clear diurnal variation, i.e. higher in the daytime and lower at night, while Fe_(tot) concentrations were relatively constant throughout the sampling period. Fe(II) and Fe_(tot) concentrations were approximately 58% and 19% higher in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Gas-phase HOOH and seawater HOOH concentrations were comparable at both sampling sites, ranging from 1.4 to 5.4 ppbv in air and 30 to 160 nM in seawater. Since Fe(II) concentrations were higher in red-soil-polluted seawater while concentrations of HOOH were similar, •OH would form faster in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Since the major scavenger of •OH, Br⁻, is expected to have similar concentrations at both sites, red-soil-polluted seawater is expected to have higher steady-state •OH concentrations.     

Spatial and temporal variability in coccolithophore abundance and production of PIC and POC in the NE subarctic Pacific during El Niño (1998), La Niña (1999) and 2000

Seasonal variations in coccolithophore abundance, chlorophyll, nutrients and production of particulate organic and inorganic carbon (POC and PIC) were determined along a coastal to oceanic east-west transect (Line P) culminating at Ocean Station Papa in the northeastern subarctic Pacific between 1998 and 2000. Offshore stations generally exhibited low seasonality in chlorophyll concentrations, with moderate seasonality in POC production. Near shelf stations showed a similar pattern to offshore stations, but were also characterized by sporadic events of higher POC productivity. During the 1998 El Niño, June was characterized by low chlorophyll and POC productivity along the transect, presumably as a result of depleted surface nitrate. In contrast, during the 1999 La Niña, and in 2000, higher POC productivity and surface nitrate occurred along the transect in June. Chlorophyll and POC productivity were similar in late summer in all 3 years. The coccolithophore population was usually numerically dominated by Emiliania huxleyi, particularly in June. Along the transect, abundance of coccolithophores was much higher in June during the 1998 El Niño (mean of 221 cells ml⁻¹) than in the 1999 La Niña (mean of 40 cells ml⁻¹), with their abundance in late summers of both years being very low. Abundances were even higher along the transect in June and the late summer of 2000 with sporadic ‘blooms’ of >1000 cells ml⁻¹ at some stations (cruise averages 395 and 552 cell ml⁻¹, respectively). Production rates of PIC did not consistently correlate with areas of high coccolithophore abundance. PIC production was high (100-250 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹) along the transect during June 1998, and low (1-40 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹) during both winters, June 1999 and during late summers of 1998 and 1999. The year 2000 was more complicated, with high rates of PIC production accompanying high abundance of coccolithophores in late summer, but lower rates of PIC production accompanying high coccolithophore numbers in June. Our data suggest that the abundance of coccolithophores and the production rates of PIC in the subarctic are higher than previously thought. Occasional PIC:POC production ratios of 1 or greater in 1998 and 2000 suggest that coccolithophores in this region could have a significant impact on the efficiency of the biological carbon pump.     

Structural Design and Protective Methods for the 100 kW Shoreline Wave Power Station

1 .IntroductionThe 1 0 0kWshorelinewavepowerstationofChinaisanOscillatingWaterColumn (OWC)wavepowerdeviceintegratedtoanelectricgrid .ItislocatedattheZhelangTown ( 2 2°39’Nand 1 1 5°34’E) ,ShanweiCityofGuangdongProvince .Theresearchanddevelopmentofthe 1 0 0kWOWCshore linewavepowerstationissupportedbyChina′sNationalKeyTechnologiesR&DPrograminthe 9thfive yearplan .TheconstructionofthestationstartedinJune 1 998andwascompletedinFebruary2 0 0 1 .Uptonow ,ithasbeenoperatingfor2years …