The Sweet Home rhodochrosite specimen mine,Alma District,Central Colorado: the porphyry molybdenum–fluorine connection

Intermediate sulfidation veins containing quartz–sphalerite–tetrahedrite–rhodochrosite–fluorite in the Sweet Home Mine, Alma District, Colorado were originally mined for silver starting in 1873. For the last 13 years up until 2004, however, the mine has produced world-class rhodochrosite specimens. Some of these specimens are considered to be among the finest mineral specimens ever produced and the finest of their species with values well over $1 million US dollars. The extraction, preparation, and marketing techniques pioneered at the Sweet Home operation have revolutionized the minerals specimen industry. The Sweet Home deposit is interpreted as a single pulse variant of a Climax-type hydrothermal system. Evidence for this includes (1) an age of mineralization (25.8 ± 0.3 Ma) that coincides with the age of the end stages of mineralization of the Climax molybdenum deposit approximately 7.5 km to the northeast; (2) a geochemical (Mn, W, F) and mineralogical (topaz, fluorite, hubnerite, greisen muscovite) signature typically associated with Climax-type systems; (3) the presence of porphyry rhyolite dikes, a breccia dike, and local quartz–molybdenite veins in the nearby area; (4) a small pegmatite within the mine with an age (25.9 ± 0.3 Ma) coincident with mineralization, which also contains minor amounts of disseminated molybdenite; and (5) the presence of similar-appearing gemmy, red rhodochrosites at Climax and other high-silica rhyolite systems. A significant difference is that unlike Climax-type systems, the Sweet Home hydrothermal system appears to have consisted of a single, relatively small pulse of magmatic fluid that slowly cooled and diluted with groundwater. This is inferred to have occurred at moderate depths in the order of 1.5–2.5 km below the surface. The fluids that formed the Sweet Home veins were dilute (salinity in the order of 2–4 wt% NaCl equivalent), high-temperature (temperatures of homogenization up to 370°C), and initially of magmatic origin. Gem quality ruby-red rhodochrosite at the Sweet Home Mine is nearly pure manganese carbonate with minimal solid solution with Fe⁺², Ca, or Mg. It formed at higher temperatures and salinities in comparison to lower value, pink rhodochrosite. Gemmy, ruby-red rhodochrosite is distinctly associated with highly evolved silica-rich igneous/hydrothermal systems. The high fluorine content typical of such systems suggests that Mn was transported in solution as fluoride complexes, which, in turn, favored rhodochrosite deposition at above-average temperatures and with minimal cation contamination. An erratum to this article can be found at     

煤矿冲击地压的微地震监测研究

为了研究煤矿冲击地压与岩层在三维空间破裂之间的关系,进而探索依据岩层破裂规律预测和预报冲击地压的可能性,文中采用自行研制的防爆型微地震定位监测（MS）系统,基于定位原理,监测了山东华丰煤矿冲击地压煤层（四层煤）及其解放层（六层煤）开采过程中的岩层破裂过程和二次应力场分布变化的过程,得到了如下结论：冲击地压的发生与岩层破裂密切相关,四层煤下顺槽处于六层煤顶板破裂区的外边缘时,正处于高应力区内,在此处掘进容易引发冲击地压,必须将六层煤下顺槽位置向实体煤侧移动20 m以上,或将四层煤下顺槽位置内移20 m以上,才能消除四层煤的冲击地压;六层煤和四层煤开采时,工作面前方断层活化的距离分别为250 m和350 m左右,根据这一距离,及时对断层带进行卸压处理,可以消除由断层带引发的冲击地压;监测显示了工作面周围岩层的三维破裂形态和范围,为矿井确定防水煤柱的高度提供了可靠的依据;监测证明了厚层砾岩的破裂、断层活化、采场附近关键层的破裂是引起冲击地压的主要原因,证明了所研制的硬件和定位软件具有较高的精度和实用性,可以在煤矿和边坡、隧道等领域应用.     

东乡铜矿Ⅴ号矿体成矿地质特征及找矿方向探讨

东乡铜矿Ⅴ号矿体位于矿区南东缘,是矿山今后接替矿区之一。2005年实施的43～71线的补充地质勘探,对矿体的形态、产状、规模进行了详细查定。文章通过对Ⅴ号矿体成矿地质特征进行剖析,拓宽找矿思路,提出矿山下一步找矿方向。     

矿井地质图件绘制中Auto CAD的应用

简要介绍了Auto CAD的特点及其在矿井地质图件绘制中的应用技巧,阐述了完成一幅地质图件的基本步骤,推荐了钻孔平面图绘制的专业化程序。      

煤矿塌陷地复垦还田生态重建研究--以抚顺煤矿为例

以抚顺煤矿为例,采用复垦还田与排矸相结合复垦高质量农田,轻可减少占用土地面积,又能在塌陷地复垦还田;同时也将剥离矸石等固体废物掩埋,防止环境污染,有利于保护环境,具有较大经济效益、神会效益和环境效益,为东北区乃至 全国类似矿区塌陷地复垦还田生态重建提供示范。     

内蒙兴和曹四夭钼矿床工程地质条件及其对矿山开发的影响

曹四夭钼矿床是目前全国发现并探明的10个超大型钼矿床中唯一以太古宙基底作为赋矿围岩的矿床。太古宇及其岩性为集宁岩群黄土窑岩组浅粒岩和变粒岩;岩石饱和抗压强度10.56~106.02 MPa,属软弱-坚硬岩类;其利于开采而不利于支护。岩、矿体整体属中等-稳定岩体,局部岩体稳定性差,工程地质勘查类型为第三类第一型。在未来矿山开采过程中应注意局部的软弱夹层,尤其是在构造破碎带或碎裂岩石区等地段实施坑道作业易发生矿山工程地质问题,应加强支护;其余岩段稳固性能尚属良好。     

煤矿积水采空区瞬变电磁法探测的附加效应

煤矿积水采空区由于其复杂性,在进行瞬变电磁法探测时,常常会产生一些附加效应。从理论、试验出发,研究了附加效应的特点及探测曲线特征,并根据这些特点对实际工程进行了分析、解释,圈定的积水采空区经钻探验证,效果良好。      

利用多井干扰法预算湖南省煤炭坝矿区矿井涌水量

在阐述煤炭坝矿区水文地质条件的基础上，利用势的霍加原理建立了水文地质模型，并以此建立了相应的数学模型。在各矿井多年排水量的基础上求出各矿井相对边界作用点的引用渗透系数Ki及Kmax，根据水文地质模型设计的已知的参数，将数学模型简化为多元一次方程组。进而求解得矿井开拓延深后矿区各矿井的涌水量。     

首都圈地区爆破、矿塌和天然地震的识别研究

选取首都圈地区2008年8月——2009年9月ML在2.0——2.2范围内的爆破、矿塌和天然地震数据资料,从时间域和频率域进行分析对比,总结出识别爆破、矿塌和天然地震的依据．在时域方面,爆破的初动方向向上,矿塌向下,天然地震的初动方向依赖于台站的分布情况;爆破和矿塌的面波比较发育;天然地震的S波与P波最大振幅比(AS/AP)大于爆破和矿塌,同时,爆破和矿塌的能量衰减比天然地震快．在频域方面,高频成分的能量衰减快于低频;天然地震的拐角频率较高,爆破次之,矿塌的最小;在震中距200 km范围内,爆破的顶峰频率主要分布在5——7 Hz,矿塌分布在2——4 Hz,天然地震的顶峰频率较大,在10——18 Hz范围内.另外,天然地震的频率域较宽,其次为爆破、矿塌．      

陈四楼井田突水机理分析

针对陈四楼煤矿在建井及投产3年以来多次突水的现实,从地质构造理论和矿山压力理论出发,探讨了井田突水的原因,认为该井田特殊的构造及矿山压力导致的构造\