Textural,mineralogical and stable isotope studies of hydrothermal alteration in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke,Zimbabwe and the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion,Minnesota, USA

Stratigraphic offsets in the peak concentrations of platinum-group elements (PGE) and base-metal sulfides in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke and the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion have, in part, been attributed to the interaction between magmatic PGE-bearing base-metal sulfide assemblages and hydrothermal fluids. In this paper, we provide mineralogical and textural evidence that indicates alteration of base-metal sulfides and mobilization of metals and S during hydrothermal alteration in both mineralized intrusions. Stable isotopic data suggest that the fluids involved in the alteration were of magmatic origin in the Great Dyke but that a meteoric water component was involved in the alteration of the Sonju Lake Intrusion. The strong spatial association of platinum-group minerals, principally Pt and Pd sulfides, arsenides, and tellurides, with base-metal sulfide assemblages in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke is consistent with residual enrichment of Pt and Pd during hydrothermal alteration. However, such an interpretation is more tenuous for the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion where important Pt and Pd arsenides and antimonides occur as inclusions within individual plagioclase crystals and within alteration assemblages that are free of base-metal sulfides. Our observations suggest that Pt and Pd tellurides, antimonides, and arsenides may form during both magmatic crystallization and subsolidus hydrothermal alteration. Experimental studies of magmatic crystallization and hydrothermal transport/deposition in systems involving arsenides, tellurides, antimonides, and base metal sulfides are needed to better understand the relative importance of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in controlling the distribution of PGE in mineralized layered intrusions of this type.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000327

The Panzhihua intrusion in southwest China is part of the Emeishan large igneous province and host of a large Fe-Ti-V ore deposit.In previous interpretations it was considered to be a layered,differentiated sill with the ore deposits at its base.New structural and petrological data suggest instead that the intrusion has an open S-shape,with two near-concordant segments joined by a discordant dyke-like segment. During emplacement of the main intrusion,multiple generations of mafic dykes invaded carbonate wall rocks,producing a large contact aureole.In the central segment,magmatic layering is oriented oblique to the walls of the intrusion.This layering cannot have formed by crystal settling or in-situ growth on the floor of the intrusion;instead we propose that it resulted from inward solidification of multiple,individually operating,convection cells.Ore formation was triggered by interaction of magma with carbonate wall rocks.     

浙江景宁岩体岩石地球化学特征与LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 年龄

浙江景宁岩体位于中国东南沿海大陆边缘活动带,受丽水—余姚断裂控制,呈近南北向展布,主要岩石类型为二长花岗岩、花岗岩和闪长岩。对景宁岩体中的二长花岗岩和花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及岩石地球化学分析。研究结果显示,二长花岗岩和花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为121.3±0.3Ma和111.0±0.7Ma。岩体的岩石地球化学成分显示出富硅、富碱、低镁的特征,铝饱和指数介于1.01~1.09之间,分异指数为84.85~96.35,轻重稀土元素分馏显著,具有明显的负Eu异常,属于典型的弱过铝质高分异I型花岗岩。综合年代学和岩石地球化学特征,认为景宁岩体是早白垩世晚期岩石圈大规模伸展构造背景下地壳部分熔融的产物。     

塔里木北缘晚二叠世外区植物入侵事件

塔里木北缘二叠纪植物可划分为Autunia-Conferta组合,CalliPteris-Comia—In-iopteris组合,Callipteris-Schizoneura组合。晚二叠世发生了准噶尔区安加拉植物入侵塔里木区事件。在我国北方这是一次普遍的植物事件。早二叠世在塔里木发育的欧美—华夏型植物绝灭。安加拉植物入侵的重要因素,除了陆表海闭合外,还有气候的变化。晚二叠世古特提斯洋暖流对塔里木已无直接影响,温带气候影响增加,同时气候转向干旱。大多数欧美—华夏型植物不能适应这样的气候条件,而温带气候对安加拉区植物是适宜的。因此如有干旱转向潮湿的间隙,就有安加拉植物的繁衍,并占领了欧美—华夏植物原来的生态空间。     

西南三江永平卓潘碱性杂岩体源区与形成机制:全岩元素、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素联合约束

永平卓潘碱性杂岩体是三江特提斯新生代钾质岩浆带重要组成部分,位于兰坪盆地西缘。岩石类型主要为正长辉石岩、辉石正长岩、正长岩以及少量霞石正长岩。岩石化学性质显示高碱、高K_2O/Na_2O比值、低TiO_2和高Al_2O_3的特征。岩体微量元素显示富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),相对亏损高场强元素(HFSE)元素,特别是"Ta-Nb-Ti"负异常更明显,具有典型俯冲带岩浆的特征。稀土总含量都比较高,LREE富集,HLEE相对亏损,Eu负异常不明显或无Eu负异常,(La/Yb)_N值较大介于38.2～80.3之间。对卓潘岩体的正长岩和正长辉石岩2个样品进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,年龄分别为33.40±0.38Ma和34.22±0.33Ma。正长辉石岩εHf(t)值介于-10.6～-4.3之间,二阶段模式年龄在1356～1759Ma之间。卓潘碱性杂岩体不同岩性的稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素原始地幔标准化图解基本一致,表明卓潘碱性杂岩体不同类型的岩石是同源岩浆演化的产物。岩体的Nb/U均值为2.95介于俯冲带流体和全球俯冲沉积物之间以及岩体微量元素明显亏损高场强元素Ti、Nb、Ta,稀土元素表现为轻稀土富集、无或弱的负Ce和负Eu异常,暗示了岩浆源区存在俯冲的洋壳或陆壳沉积物的流体或熔融体与岩石圈地幔的交代富集作用。岩浆源区经历晚石炭世-晚二叠世(305～250Ma)古特提斯昌宁-孟连洋和古特提斯金沙江-哀牢山洋双向俯冲,岩石圈地幔发生富集作用并形成富钾的交代岩石圈地幔。在新生代,新特提斯洋岩石圈从印度大陆岩石圈断离,引发交代富集大陆岩石圈地幔拆沉,热的软流圈上涌,熔融交代的富钾岩石圈地幔,岩浆侵位分异形成卓潘岩体。     

青海岗察岩体SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

青海岗察岩体位于西秦岭造山带的西段,由闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、斑状花岗闪长岩体组成,各岩体虽然地质特征和岩性有所差异,但成因和形成的时间基本一致,是不同时期同一成因的产物,由早向晚由中性向酸性演化,属"I"型花岗岩系列。尽管前人对其中个别阶段岩体进行过年龄测定,但没有对多期岩体进行过系统的年代学精测。本文在运用阴极发光技术对岩体中锆石进行细致的内部结构分析的基础上,利用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb原位定年方法,系统测定了岩体中单颗粒锆石的206Pb/238U年龄,结果显示岩体经历了243.8~242Ma、238~234Ma、215Ma三个侵入阶段,是同源、不同期次岩浆脉动形成的产物。岗察岩体周边的铜、金、钨、钼、铁矿床成矿与岩体关系密切,成矿流体、成矿物质主要来源于岩浆,成矿作用与岩体的形成时间一致,形成统一的成岩成矿地质事件,与区域西秦岭-东昆仑三叠纪构造岩浆作用和成矿时代一致,构成西秦岭北缘斑岩-矽卡岩型铜-钼-金成矿系统的一部分。通过构造环境分析,得出岗察岩体产于后碰撞(晚碰撞)构造环境,由挤压向伸展转换的地球动力学背景,为西秦岭造山带与祁连造山带的碰撞拼合提供了依据。     

Regression‐Based Estimation of Lodgepole Pine Forest Age from Landsat Thematic Mapper Data

Abstract

A linear regression‐based model for mapping forest age using Landsat Thematic Mapper data is evaluated in the lodgepole pine forests of Yellowstone National Park. Regression models predicting age (R²=0.62) and a logarithmic transformation of age (R² = 0.90) used a combination of visible, near‐infrared, and middle‐infrared TM bands. Forest age maps produced using the regression method match broad‐scale patterns of forest age within the Yellowstone Central Plateau study area. Per‐pixel estimates of forest age, however, may depart substantially from actual forest age, particularly for older stands, and the maps are most appropriate for depicting regional patterns of forest age.     

东昆仑祁漫塔格东段晚二叠世-早侏罗世侵入岩岩石组合时空分布、构造环境的讨论

祁漫塔格地区是青藏高原北部最重要的多金属矿集区,晚二叠世-早侏罗世岩浆作用与成矿作用关系密切,以祁漫塔格东段为研究区分析讨论了祁漫塔格及临区晚二叠世-早侏罗世花岗岩特点,从晚二叠世-早侏罗世可以识别出4个阶段5个花岗岩组合.(1)晚二叠世弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列二长花岗岩+正长花岗岩组合与偏铝质-弱过铝质钙碱性系列英云闪长岩+花岗闪长岩组合,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在252.0~258.5Ma,普遍含暗色铁镁质微粒包体;(2)中三叠世闪长岩+英云闪长岩+花岗闪长岩+(二长花岗岩)组合,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在226.9~238.6Ma,富含暗色铁镁质微粒包体,为偏铝质-弱过铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列岩石,Sr含量一般在400×10^-6~537×10^-6,δEu在0.67~0.95;(3)晚三叠世石英闪长岩+英云闪长岩+花岗闪长岩+二长花岗岩组合,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在211.7~214.1Ma,为偏铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石,Sr含量一般在341×10^-6~515×10^-6,δEu在0.69~0.95之间;(4)晚三叠世-早侏罗世正长花岗岩组合,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在199.5~204.4Ma,为偏铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石,Sr含量在54×10^-6~195×10^-6.晚二叠世花岗岩组合为大陆边缘弧火成岩构造组合,与古特提斯洋俯冲相关;中三叠世花岗岩组合出露面积巨大,构成了印支期北昆仑岩浆弧的主体,形成于俯冲-碰撞转换阶段,与俯冲岩石圈板片的断离相关,这一事件在东昆仑具有普遍意义,是东昆仑造山带最具规模的地幔物质注入与壳幔岩浆混合事件,晚三叠世花岗岩组合形成于后碰撞阶段,是加厚陆壳底部幔源玄武质岩浆底侵作用的结果.     

火山与地震的共性特征及有关问题讨论

对火山与地震及其伴随现象进行了对比分析,发现二者除外在形式不同外,在分布范围、深部构造及其它方面具有明显的共性特征．讨论了火山与地震具有共性特征的原因,认为它们都与岩浆活动有关．因此,内陆地震的发生有可能是地壳内岩浆上涌的直接结果     

墨江大平掌岩体岩石地球化学与成因

大平掌岩体为碱性高钠质基性辉绿岩,印支期浅成侵入,大陆环境玄武岩低度部分熔融的产物。